Environmental Risk Assessment of Antibiotic Residues in Ibadan Hospitals’ Wastewater

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dc.contributor.authorAminat Temitope ABDULJELEEL
dc.date.accessioned2026-01-21T08:13:33Z
dc.date.available2026-01-21T08:13:33Z
dc.date.issued2025-12
dc.description.abstractThe increasing use of antibiotics in healthcare settings has led to the presence of antibiotic residues in hospital wastewater, posing significant environmental and public health risks. These residues contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), disrupt aquatic ecosystems, and may contaminate drinking water sources, particularly in regions with inadequate wastewater treatment systems. This study investigates the occurrence, concentration patterns, and environmental risks of six widely used antibiotics: Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Gentamicin (GEN), Oxytetracycline (OXY), Erythromycin (ERY), Ceftriaxone (CEF), and Norfloxacin (NOR) in hospital wastewater collected from two major tertiary healthcare facilities in Ibadan, Nigeria. Antibiotic concentrations were quantified using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), while statistical techniques, including one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), were employed for data interpretation. All six antibiotics were detected in 100% of the samples, confirming widespread and sustained discharge into the environment. The mean concentrations recorded for Adeoyo Memorial Teaching Hospital (AMTH) were: (CIP) 41.09 ± 6.22, (GEN) 52.69 ± 4.55, (OXY) 41.47 ± 20.30, (ERY) 1.67 ± 0.30, (CEF) 7.54 ± 0.55, and (NOR) 13.19 ± 1.69 while the mean concentrations recorded for Ring Rod State Hospital (RRSH) were: (CIP) 77.09± 9.04, (GEN) 78.87 ± 12.49, (OXY) 41.66 ± 13.58, (ERY) 25.58 ± 19.02, (CEF) 8.73 ± 2.27, and (NOR) 34.66 ± 1.73Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin were the most prevalent across both hospitals. At the same time, Erythromycin exhibited high variability, particularly in the labor and gynecology wards of Ring Road State Hospital. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in antibiotic concentrations across various hospital units. PCA and cluster analysis highlighted distinct hospital-specific discharge profiles, with samples from Ring Road State Hospital showing notably higher antibiotic loads. Risk Quotient (RQ) assessments indicated that all six antibiotics posed moderate to very high ecological risks, with RQ values exceeding 1000 for Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin in some sampling locations. These findings are consistent with recent global reports and highlight the urgent need for localised interventions, including the development of hospital-based wastewater treatment facilities, enhanced antibiotic stewardship programs, and regulatory oversight. The study concludes that untreated hospital effluents are critical point sources of pharmaceutical pollution and potential hotspots for the propagation of antibiotic resistance, necessitating integrated environmental management strategies and proactive public health policies. Keywords: Antibiotic, Hospital Wastewater, Antibiotic Residues, Antimicrobial Resistance. Word Count: 300
dc.identifier.citationkate Turabian
dc.identifier.otherM.Sc
dc.identifier.urihttps://repository.lcu.edu.ng/handle/123456789/1224
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherLead City University, Ibadan
dc.relation.ispartofseriesM.Sc
dc.subjectAntibiotic
dc.subjectHospital Wastewater
dc.subjectAntibiotic Residues
dc.subjectAntimicrobial Resistance.
dc.titleEnvironmental Risk Assessment of Antibiotic Residues in Ibadan Hospitals’ Wastewater
dc.typeThesis

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