Department of Chemical Sciences

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Chemical Sciences

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The Department of Chemical Sciences focuses on the study of chemistry and related disciplines. These departments encompass various subfields such as organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, and biochemistry.

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Biochemistry
Chemistry
Nutritional & Industrial Biochem
Drug Metabolism & Toxicology
Environmental Biochemistry & Toxicology
Membrane Biochem. & Biotech.
Cancer & Molecular Biology

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 21

Assessment and Distributions of Phthalates Esters (PAEs) in Groundwater at Gbagi General Market in Ibadan
(Lead City University Ibadan, 2025-12) Bayonle Bukunmi OPALADE
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are emerging contaminants widely used in plastics and consumers products. Their persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and endocrine disrupting properties pose significant risks to environmental and human health. This study assessed the concentrations, spatial distribution, and associated health risks of selected PAEs in groundwater around Gbagi General Market, Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 8 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The targeted PAEs includes diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Results showed that DEHP had the highest mean concentration of 5.73 µg/L, followed by DBP at 2.65 µg/L, BBP at 1.12 µg/L, DEP at 0.07µg/L, and DMP at 0.03 µg/L. Several samples exceeded the World Health Organization’s permissible limit for DEHP in drinking water (8 µg/L), with one sample recording as high as 12.8 µg/L. Spatial analysis revealed contamination hotspots near plastic waste dumps and drainage channels within the market. The cancer risk assessment revealed that although the estimated carcinogenic risks (CR) for both adults and children were within the acceptable range defined by (USEPA) threshold of 1 × 10⁻⁶ to 1 × 10⁻⁴, children exhibited higher lifetime cancer risks compared to adults. DEHP a known probable human carcinogen, was the dominant contributor to the overall cancer risk, primarily through oral ingestion. This study demonstrates the significant chemical burden posed by PAEs in urban groundwater, likely due to improper plastic waste disposal and intense commercial activity. The findings call for urgent regulatory intervention, improved market sanitation, and public awareness. It also provides essential baseline data for environmental health surveillance and supports development of policies targeting groundwater safety in Nigeria’s commercial centers. Keywords: Phthalates, Bioaccumulation, Persistence, groundwater, Gbagi Market. Word count: 279
Eco-benign Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Metal-oxide Nanoparticles in Solar Cells and Photodegradation of Neomycin
(Lead City University Ibadan, 2025-12) Oluwole Elijah OGUNBIYI
The quest for renewable energy and cost-effective degradation of antibiotics has led to the synthesis of Metal-Oxide (MO) nano-photocatalyts via eco-benign approach. The metal oxides were synthesized biogenically using Syzygium malaccense leaf extract (as capping and stabilizing agents) and Aluminum sulphate octadecahydrate, Copper sulphate heptahydrate and Zinc sulphate heptahydrate salts as precursors. The synthesized aluminum oxide (Al2O3), Copper II oxide (CuO) and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. The materials were used for the photodegradation of Neomycin (NEO) and as photoanode, counter electrode and insulating spacer respectively in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs). The FTIR showed absorbance with range value between 400-800 cm-1 which corresponds to Al-O Cu-O and Zn-O vibrational stretch of the MOs. The optical properties of Al2O3 CuO and ZnO NPs were determined using Tauc’s plot with band gap energy values of 2.09, 2.05 and 3.23 eV and maximum UV-Vis absorbance values of 371.61, 370 and 371 nm. The SEM micrographs of Al2O3, CuO, and ZnO NPs showed a consistent spherical shape, with average particle sizes of 27.50 nm, 11.01 nm, and 21.98 nm, respectively. The EDX confirmed the elemental composition of the nanoparticles. DSSCs utilizing Al2O3,CuO and ZnO NPs demonstrated a 1.79, 3.44 and 6.4% power conversion efficiency in an increasing order of ZnO > CuO > Al₂O₃ > Control (Without NPs). After 120 min of UV irradiation, 75 and 95% of NEO were degraded with CuO and ZnO nanoparticles respectively. ZnO photocatalyst proved more effective than CuO photocatalyst at degrading the antibiotic. The kinetic studies shows that K values of CuO and ZnO photocatalysts had the values of 0.0072 and 0.0179 min−1 while R2 = 0.83 and 0.82, respectively. The stability of the photocatalyst showed that the produced material (ZnO biosynthesized nanoparticles) had a major impact on both photocatalytic performance and power conversion efficiency. The findings of this study present the biogenically synthesized MONPs as low-cost, and eco-friendly material for energy conversion and photocatalyst for environmental remediation purposes. Keywords: Metal-Oxide nanoparticles, Photocatalysis, DSSCs, Neomycin, Semiconductors Word Count: 345
Neuroprotective Effect of Azadirachta indica Ethanol Extract on Retinal Neurodegeneration in a Diabetic Rat Model
(Lead City University Ibadan, 2025-12) Anuoluwapo Eunice ILEGOMAH
Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of adult blindness, characterized by neurodegeneration, vascular dysfunction, and progressive loss of retinal integrity. This study investigated the neuroprotective effect of Azadirachta indica ethanol extract (AIEE) on retinal neurodegeneration, through bioactive compound profiling, molecular docking and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Forty adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups (n=8): normal control, diabetic untreated, diabetic treated with 200 mg/kg AIEE, diabetic treated with 400 mg/kg AIEE, and diabetic treated with metformin (7 µg/kg). Treatments were administered orally, twice daily for 21 days. Retina post-mitochondrial fraction was analyzed for gial fribillary acid protein, glutamate, vascular endothelial growth factor, brain derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, C-reactive protein, and nuclear factor-kappa B using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Biomarkers of oxidative stress including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were estimated using colorimetric methods. Retina, optic nerve, and visual cortex tissues were analyzed for morphometric characteristics, periodic acid schiff (PAS), and neuronal counts using histological techniques. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. Findings showed significant levels of oxidative stress, neurotransmitter imbalance, neurotrophin depletion, and inflammation in the untreated experimental animals compared to the control group. Treatment with 200 and 400 mg/kg AIEE ameliorated these effects in a dose-dependent manner by enhancing antioxidant defenses, suppressing pro-inflammatory markers, up-regulating neurotrophic factors, and restoring neurotransmitter balance. 400 mg/kg AIEE notably preserved retinal structure, reduced gliosis, improved neuronal morphology, and decreased PAS-associated glycogen accumulation, closely resembling healthy controls, Metformin produced comparable but slightly lower neuroprotective effects. These findings indicate that AIEE confers substantial neuroprotection against diabetic retinal degeneration, likely through its antioxidant and anti inflammatory phytoconstituents (Ethanone 1-[3-methyl-3-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl) oxiranyl]-, 1,2 Cyclopentanedione,3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-, alpha.-D-Glucopyranoside, methyl). These compounds showed good binding affinities and interactions with key protein targets in neurodegeneration, highlighting A.indica potential as a therapeutic candidate for the management of diabetic retinopathy. Keywords: Azadirachta indica, Diabetic retinopathy, Neuroprotection, Phytochemicals Word count: 298
Concentration and Human Exposure Assessment of Selected Heavy Metals and Parabens in Indoor Dust from Selected Areas in Ibadan
(Lead City University Ibadan, 2025-12) Caroline Ebakhalumhe IDOGAR
Indoor dust from residential environments has been shown to retain harmful chemical pollutants, including parabens and heavy metals. Consequently, the quality of indoor dust, to which humans are regularly exposed, is a global concern for human well-being. However, in Nigeria, there is a lack of monitoring and risk assessment data on the co-occurrence of these chemical residues. For this study, heavy metals (Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni, and Cd) and parabens (MeP, EtP, PrP, and BuP) were quantified by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with an Ultraviolet detector, respectively. The results were validated through linearity (R2 > 0.999) and recovery (99.6–101%) procedures. The concentrations and associated health risks of these selected heavy metals and parabens, along with their implications for human health, were assessed using indoor dust samples collected from several residential areas in Ibadan. Samples were gathered from twenty locations in the Southwestern part of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. The concentration of heavy metals varied considerably, with the highest mean recorded for Mn (17.14), followed by Zn (2.82), Cu (1.59), Pb (1.06), Cr (0.20), Ni (0.32), and Cd (0.01). Mn posed significant non-carcinogenic risks via inhalation, and these risks were higher for adults than for children. Cr and Ni exhibited considerable Target Carcinogenic Risks (TCR) through inhalation, with higher risks observed in adults. Similarly, the concentration of parabens varied, with MeP (2706.37) having the highest mean concentration, followed by EtP (887.21), BuP (861.09), and PrP (757.31). The Hazard Quotient and Hazard Index values for both children and adults were below 1, indicating low risk. A significant negative correlation was found between Cd and EtP, suggesting different sources. Overall, heavy metal contamination of indoor dust was classified as low. Nevertheless, the co-occurrence of toxic metals and parabens underscores the need for monitoring and preventive health measures. Keywords: Indoor exposure, Dust particles, Health risk assessment, Toxic heavy metals, Parabens Word Count: 300
Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons inAjakanga Waste Dumpsites in Ibadan
(Lead City University Ibadan, 2025-12) Olatilewa David FOWOSERE
This study investigated the presence, distribution, and health risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil samples collected from the Ajakanga waste dumpsite in Oluyole Local Government, Ibadan, Nigeria. PAHs are persistent environmental pollutants known for their toxicity and high potential to accumulate in soil and sediments. A total of 65 PAHs were detected in the soil samples using GC-FID instrument, with a focus on the 16 US EPA priority PAHs for in-depth analysis. The overall concentration of the 16 priority PAHs across the sampling zones (Zone A-F) ranged from 12.54 mg/kg to 24.02 mg/kg. These levels significantly surpass the contamination threshold of 1.0 mg/kg established by the Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the European Commission's classification for heavy contamination. The highest concentration of the Σ16 PAHs was observed in the central and western zones of the dumpsite (Zone E: 24.02 mg/kg and Zone B: 23.51 mg/kg). Diagnostic ratio analysis indicated that the PAHs originated from both pyrogenic (combustion) and petrogenic (petroleum) sources. This is supported by the high concentration of both low molecular weight (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs, though HMWPAHs were dominant, suggesting substantial incomplete combustion processes. The dominant PAHs detected were Acenaphthylene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene, and Benzo(g,h,i)perylene. The human health risk assessment revealed a moderate carcinogenic burden, with calculated Benzo(a)pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) values ranging from 0.4901 mg/kg to 0.7970 mg/kg. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) estimates for children (2.96×10−6 ) and adults (2.34×10−6) fell within the low-risk category. Furthermore, the non-carcinogenic hazard indices (HI) for both children (4.04×10 −4 ) and adults (2.48×10 −4) were below the threshold of 1, suggesting no immediate health risk from non-carcinogenic effects. The primary route of exposure for both groups was identified as ingestion (80.0%), followed by dermal contact (19.0%), with inhalation being negligible. These findings confirm the high level of PAH contamination in the dumpsite soil, necessitating continuous monitoring, regulatory enforcement, and public awareness campaigns to mitigate long-term exposure risks to the surrounding community. Keywords: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, 16- priority US, Environmental Pollution Control Agency, Chromatography, GC-FID Instrument. Word Count: 300
Investigation and Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Selected Hair Dye Products
(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Sakirat Dasola DANJUMA
Hair dye products have recently been implicated as another human exposure route to PTEs. This study investigated the presence and levels of PTEs in five different brands of hair dye products (labelled; A1(Black), A2(Green), A3(Gold), A4(White), and A5(Wine)respectively) using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and the attending health risks. The concentrations of 22 PTEs; Silver, Arsenic, Boron, Cerium, Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium, Cesium, Copper, Iron, Mercury, Magnesium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Palladium, Lead, Sulphur, Antimony, Selenium, Silicon and Zinc were determined. The studied PTEs concentrations were ranged; Cs > Mg > Si > Fe > Pd > Pb > Ag > Zn > Mn > Se > Ni > Ce > Sb > As > Cr > B > Cu > Mo > Co > Cd > S > Hg respectively. The average PTEs concentration ranged as (1074.149 > 882.715 > 720.246 > 689.242 >7.845) ppm for A4 >A1 >A5 > A2 and A3 respectively. The values for Ag, Ce, Cs, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Si were all above the United State Food and Drugs Administration (USFDA) limits, while those of As, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pd, Pb, S, and Zn were below the limits in all the samples except for Se in A2, and A3 with the values of 1.21 and 1.18 respectively. Lifetime cancer risk (LCR) values of PTEs through inhalation were in decreasing order of Cr > Co > As > Ni > Cd > Pb and were all above the limits except for Ni in A5. The values of LCR dermal analyzed for adults were found in the order of A5 > A4 > A1 > A2 > A3. In Conclusion, frequent use of these hair dyes products may pose cancer risks and elemental toxicity through dermal contact, ingestion and inhalation. Keywords: Dermal Exposure, Heavy metals, Hazard Index, ICP-OES, Life-time Cancer Risk Word Count: 296
Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide and Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles; Corrosion-Inhibition and Antimicrobial Study
(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Taiwo Felicia OWOEYE
The green technique for the synthesis of metal oxide Nanoparticles (NPs) is quick, simple, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. This study aims to biogenically synthesize zinc oxide (ZnONP) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3NP) nanoparticles using Adonida merrilli (NM), Washingtonia robusta (M), Cassia javanica (C), and Casuarina equisetifolia (E) leaf extracts. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Corrosion inhibition studies were carried out in 0.5 M H2SO4 using gravimetric and potentiodynamic polarization methods. The samples were examined in an acidic media at varying concentration ranges of 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm. The antimicrobial study of the NPs was carried out on Salmonella typhi (Sa), Escherichia coli (Ec), Staphylococcus aureus (St), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa). The FT-IR analysis shows metal oxide absorption band values of 857 cm-1 (E-ZnONP), 700 cm-1 (C-ZnONP), 663 cm-1 (M-ZnONP), 715 cm-1 (NM-ZnONP). UV-Vis shows a plasmon resonance band value of 292 nm (C), 300 nm (C-ZnONP), 335 nm and 401nm (C-Al2O3Np), 290 nm (NM), 302 nm (NM-ZnONP), 336 nm and 401 nm (NM-Al2O3NP), 296 nm (M), 300 nm (M-ZnONP), 333 nm and 401 nm (M-Al2O3NP),v 288 nm (E), 308 nm (E-ZnONP), 317 nm and 401 nm (E-Al2O3NP). The SEM micrographs and the XRD spectra show spherical crystalline nanoparticles with an average particle size of 73.82 nm (NM- ZnONP), 10.13 nm (C-Al2O3NP), 41.85 nm (C-ZnONP), 71.50 nm (M-ZnONP), 22.06 nm (E-ZnONP), 8.63 nm (E- Al2O3NP), 5.86 nm (NM Al2O3-NP), 8.68 nm (M-Al2O3NP). The recorded Zone of inhibition (ZI) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of E-ZnONP are 30.00 mm (Sa), 18.00 mm (Ec), 30.00 mm (St), and 30.00 mm (Pa), with MIC of 31.25 mg/mL (Sa), 0.00 mg/mL (Ec), 31.25 mg/mL (St), 31.25 mg/mL (Pa). C-ZnONP, ZI of 32.00 mm (Sa), 19.00 mm (Ec) , 34.00 mm (St), 40.00 mm (Pa), and MIC of 31.25 mg/mL (Sa), 0.00 mg/mL (Ec), 31.25 mg/mL (St), 31.25 mg/mL (Pa), M-ZnONP, ZI of 36.00 mm (Sa), 30.00 mm (Ec), 36.00 mm (St), 38.00 mm (Pa), with MIC of 31.25 mg/mL (Sa), 250.00 mg/Ml (Ec), 125.00 mg/mL (St), 62.50 mg/ mL (Pa). NM-ZnONP, ZI of 30.00 mm (Sa), 32.00 mm (Ec), 40.00 mm (St), 36.00 mm (Pa) and MIC of 7.81 mg/mL (Sa),7.81 mg/mL (Ec),1.95 mg/mL (St), 3.90 mg/mL (Pa). C-Al2O3NP, ZI of 0.00 mm (Sa), 22.00 mm (Ec), 21.00 mm (St), 20.00 mm (Pa)], with zero MIC, while M-Al2O3NP recorded ZI of 0.00 mm (Sa), 19.00 mm (Ec), 25.00 mm (St), 22.00 mm (Pa) with Zero MIC values. The optimum recorded corrosion inhibitory efficiency values are 92.93% (500 ppm), 81.49% (1000 ppm), 82.99% (1500 ppm), 88.84% (2000 ppm) for E-ZnONP, 61.41% for M- Al2O3NP, 86.63% (500 ppm) for C extracts in 0.5 M H2SO4. E-ZnONP, C-ZnONP, M-ZnONP, and NM-ZnONP. E-ZnONP showed optimal corrosion resistance, while NM- ZnONP exhibited superior antimicrobial activity with low MIC values.The findings of this study showed that the biogenically synthesized nanoparticles possessed excellent therapeutic properties and were also viable for corrosion mitigation. Keywords: Green Synthesis, Corrosion Inhibition, Plant extract, Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles, Surface Chemistry. Word Count: 503
Environmental Risk Assessment of Antibiotic Residues in Ibadan Hospitals’ Wastewater
(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Aminat Temitope ABDULJELEEL
The increasing use of antibiotics in healthcare settings has led to the presence of antibiotic residues in hospital wastewater, posing significant environmental and public health risks. These residues contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), disrupt aquatic ecosystems, and may contaminate drinking water sources, particularly in regions with inadequate wastewater treatment systems. This study investigates the occurrence, concentration patterns, and environmental risks of six widely used antibiotics: Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Gentamicin (GEN), Oxytetracycline (OXY), Erythromycin (ERY), Ceftriaxone (CEF), and Norfloxacin (NOR) in hospital wastewater collected from two major tertiary healthcare facilities in Ibadan, Nigeria. Antibiotic concentrations were quantified using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), while statistical techniques, including one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), were employed for data interpretation. All six antibiotics were detected in 100% of the samples, confirming widespread and sustained discharge into the environment. The mean concentrations recorded for Adeoyo Memorial Teaching Hospital (AMTH) were: (CIP) 41.09 ± 6.22, (GEN) 52.69 ± 4.55, (OXY) 41.47 ± 20.30, (ERY) 1.67 ± 0.30, (CEF) 7.54 ± 0.55, and (NOR) 13.19 ± 1.69 while the mean concentrations recorded for Ring Rod State Hospital (RRSH) were: (CIP) 77.09± 9.04, (GEN) 78.87 ± 12.49, (OXY) 41.66 ± 13.58, (ERY) 25.58 ± 19.02, (CEF) 8.73 ± 2.27, and (NOR) 34.66 ± 1.73Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin were the most prevalent across both hospitals. At the same time, Erythromycin exhibited high variability, particularly in the labor and gynecology wards of Ring Road State Hospital. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in antibiotic concentrations across various hospital units. PCA and cluster analysis highlighted distinct hospital-specific discharge profiles, with samples from Ring Road State Hospital showing notably higher antibiotic loads. Risk Quotient (RQ) assessments indicated that all six antibiotics posed moderate to very high ecological risks, with RQ values exceeding 1000 for Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin in some sampling locations. These findings are consistent with recent global reports and highlight the urgent need for localised interventions, including the development of hospital-based wastewater treatment facilities, enhanced antibiotic stewardship programs, and regulatory oversight. The study concludes that untreated hospital effluents are critical point sources of pharmaceutical pollution and potential hotspots for the propagation of antibiotic resistance, necessitating integrated environmental management strategies and proactive public health policies. Keywords: Antibiotic, Hospital Wastewater, Antibiotic Residues, Antimicrobial Resistance. Word Count: 300
In Vivo and In Silico Evaluation of Citrus sinesis Peel Extracts on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Hormonal Parameters in Testosterone Induced Benign Prostate Hyperplasia in Male Wistar Rats
(Lead City University, 2023-12) Omolola Mary SAMUEL
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that makes urinating challenging. Citrus sinesis peel (CSP) has been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumour properties. This study investigated the in vivo and in silico effects of CSP extracts on testosterone-induced Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH). Forty-eight rats were randomized into eight groups of six animals each: non-castrated control, castrated control, castrated rats that received testosterone propionate (TP) subcutaneously, castrated rats received TP and 250mg/kg MECSP, castrated rats that received TP and 500mg/kg MECSP, castrated rats that received TP and 250mg/kg HECSP, castrated rats that received TP and 500mg/kg HECSP and castrated rats that received TP and Dutasteride (standard drug). Molecular docking analysis was conducted using Autodock Vina from PyRX. Results indicated that BPH rats had significantly (p < 0.05) increased relative organ weight, 5α-reductase activity and MDA levels in serum, prostate and liver in the BPH rats and oxidative stress biomarkers were altered significantly. Liver enzyme activities (AST and ALT) and inflammatory markers (PPARα and NFkB) were significantly increased in the serum of the BPH rats. There was significant reduction in testosterone, progesterone and Luteinizing hormone and histology of the prostate revealed hyperplasia. Treatment with MECSP, HECSP and Dutasteride, respectively attenuated these changes. GC-MS analysis showed 40 compounds in MECSP and 34 compounds in HECSP. Molecular docking shows that interaction of compounds from MESCP with 5α-reductase and Prostrate specific membrane antigen. Cholestan-7-one, cyclic 1, 2-ethanediol acetal, (5.alpha.) and Vitamin E had the highest binding affinities for 5α-reductase and 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2-(1,3- benzodioxol-5-yl)-5,7-dimethoxy-and Vitamin E had the highest binding affinity for prostate- specific membrane antigen. CSP extracts elicited protective effects on BPH via restoring the relative organ weight, 5α-reductase activity, biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammatory biomarkers, and hormonal parameters. These extracts contain bioactive compounds that might be chemopreventive against Benign prostate hyperplasia. Keywords: Benign prostate hyperplasia, citrus sinesis peel, 5α-reductase, in silico, oxidative stress Word Count: 300
Radiation Risk Assessment in Mining Site Area of Paago Iseyin Local Government Oyo State Southwest Nigeria
(Lead City University, 2023-12) Ezekiel Oyedokun OYEGBEMI
The hazards of being overexposed to ionizing radiation at various mining sites are of great concern to environmental scientists. This study aims to measure the activity concentrations of potassium 40K, Uranium238U, and Thorium 232Th radionuclides at various mining sites of Paago, Iseyin Local Government, Oyo state, Southwestern Nigeria using a well calibrated HPGe detector. Twenty (20) soil samples were obtained, analyzed, and compared with the WHO recommended standard. The results obtained indicate that 40K, 238U, and 232Th values ranging from 58.40 to 950.41 Bqkg-1, 5.57 to 24.22 Bqkg-1, and 4.1 to 25.93 Bqkg-1. The gamma absorbed dose rate in the soil samples ranged from 6.85 nGyh-1 to 45.73nGyh-1, with mean absorbed dose rate lower than the WHO recommended average value of 59 nGh-1. The annual effective dose rates in the air varied from 14.26 to 19.74µ Svyr-1 with an average value of 17.99 µSvy-1, while the highest and lowest values of radium equivalent in the soil were 113.68Bqkg-1 and 21.62Bqkg-1. It was concluded that all the values obtained for external and internal hazard indices were less than unity and the means activity concentration of the three radionuclides was lower than the world average recommended value indicating that the study areas pose no significant radiological threat to the populaces. These values also indicate that crops planted around the study area maybe safe for consumption. Keywords: Radionuclides, gamma absorbed dose rate, Radiation Risk Assessment, Mining Site Area, Paago Iseyin, Oyo State Southwest Nigeria Word Count: 220
Human Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Water, Sediments and Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis niloticus) of Ogun River
(Lead City University, 2023-12) Oluwayemisi Idayat AKINDELE
Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) are ubiquitous especially in water bodies and they have tendencies to bio-accumulate and hamper human body metabolic and endocrinal processes. This study aimed to assess the levels of PTEs in water, sediments and tissues of Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis niloticus) samples of Ogun River and its human health risk assessment. Water, sediments and fish samples were collected seasonally to assess 8 selected PTEs (Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Mn, Fe, Cr and Cd) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotomer, while the physic-chemical parameters were determined using standard methods. Highest water pH value of 7.86 was recorded during dry season while the lowest of 6.10 was for the wet season. Temperature ranged from 26.59 ± 0.17 oC to 27.27 ± 0.72 oC and 26.47 ± 1.05 oC to 26.77 ± 1.10 oC for dry and wet seasons respectively. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) ranged from 13.84 ± 4.38 μS/cm to 36.67 ± 29.51 μS/cm and 13.84 ± 4.67 μS/cm to 47.21 ± 32.86 μS/cm for dry and wet seasons respectively. Total dissolved solids (TDS) showed slight positive relationship with the electrical conductivity. The mean TDS ranged from 53.50 ± 10.21 mg/ L to 57.25 ± 9.74 mg/L and 23.00 ± 4.62 mg/ L to 40.00 ± 2.58 mg/L for wet and dry seasons respectively. Water, sediment and fish tissues samples were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ni, Mn, Fe and Cu contaminations. Concentrations were compared with NIS, FEPA and WHO. However, Fe levels were highest in both surface water, sediment, and fish samples while Cu level was least in both sample locations. Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Mn and Pb exceeded the NIS, FEPA and WHO. Pb was the largest contributor to non-carcinogenic risks. Risk from the other PTEs followed the order Cd > Mn > Fe > Ni > Cu > Cr > Zn for children and Fe > Cd > Mn > Ni > Cr > Cu > Zn for adults. Hence, Ogun River is found to have an appreciable level of metal toxicity especially at lafenwa and alagada points. Keywords: Metal Bioaccumulation, PTEs, Ogun River, Tilapia, Human Health Risk Assessment, Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Water, Sediments and Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis niloticus) Word Count: 340
Comparative Study of Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (p-XRF) and Atomic Absorption (AAS) Spectrometry Techniques for Soil Environmental Study
(Lead City University, 2023-12) Oluremi Omoniyi OLALEKAN
Routinely in Nigeria, elemental quantification of environmental samples such as soil samples is often done using standard techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Despite the extensive application of AAS due to its relatively low cost and accuracy, the main standard operation procedure (SOP) involves the use of non-environmentally friendly chemicals like HNO3 and high energy. Consequently, the SOP exposes the users and the environment to the detrimental effects of such chemicals. Additionally, AAS is a cumbersome, destructive technique that requires the use of lamps which are often not available at the time of analysis. Hence this study assessed the potential of Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (p-XRF) as an alternative technique to AAS by statistically comparing elemental results obtained from both techniques. In total, 66 grab soil samples were randomly collected from a minimum of two geo-referenced points at a depth of 0-15 cm each from solid waste dumpsites, auto-mechanic workshops and farmlands in the Ibadan metropolis in June 2021. The analytical techniques were validated via recovery tests (  96.5 %). The results of the T-test analysis showed that AAS and p-XRF interchangeably quantified Cu (p = 0.06) and Zn (p = 0.14) in the dumpsite, Cu (p = 0.96), Zn (p = 0.98), Cd (p = 0.16), Pb (p = 0.30), Ni (p = 0.10), Mg (p = 0.16), Mn (p = 0.23) and Fe (p = 0.08) in auto- mechanic and Ca (p = 0.16), Cu (p = 0.25), Cd (p = 0.24) and Pb (p = 0.06) in farmland soil samples. Although statistical data from this study showed that there were some similarities in the two techniques, suggesting that some elements can be quantified with either p-XRF or AAS, the overall result indicates that p-XRF can be used in screening for all these studied elements in these environmental samples. Keywords: Correlation study, Environmental samples, Elemental analysis techniques, Non- destructive elemental quantification, Regression analysis, Statistical analysis. Word Count: 300
Motivational Factors, Organisational Structure and Employee Job Performance In Selected Deposit Money Banks In South-West Nigeria
(Lead City University, 2023-12) Idowu Adegboyega OLATEJU
Continuous burning of wastes at municipal dumpsite constitutes environmental hazards to the surrounding communities and human health. Leachate emanating from these dumpsite infiltrate the soil and sometimes get run off to nearby water resources available for domestic, agricultural and industrial use. This study is to evaluate the quality of groundwater,surface water and soil samples collected in the vicinity of an open municipal dumpsite: Ajakanga solid-waste municipal dumpsite in Oluyole LGA, Ibadan, Oyo State. Sixteen water samples (groundwater and surfacewater samples) and four top soil samples were collected within the vicinity of the dumpsite. The samples were analyzed for physiochemical quality check, potentially toxic elements (PTEs) concentrations and microbiological analysis. The physiochemical properties of the samples were determined using standard method of analysis. The value of physiochemical properties of water and soil samples were below the permissible limit of WHO and NESREA. Except some parameters like TSS, Electrical conductivity, Nitrates, Nitrite in well water and stream water; and chloride in soil sample are above the WHO and NESREA limit. The potentially toxic elements (PTEs) identified are Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb, Fe, Cr, Ni and their concentration were determined using Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The values obtained for these parameters are within acceptable ranges of WHO except Cu, Mn and Cr which are slightly above WHO limit. The microbial analysis of the samples showed microbial loads of high counts above the WHO limit due to biodegradation and decomposition of solid or food wastes, and presence of feaces on the dumpsite. The parameters checked were E. Coli, Total Coliform, Total Heterotrophic. However, bio-accumulation and bio-magnification of these parameters can poses a dangerous health challenges to the environment and life in the communities closed to the dumpsite. Keywords: Dumpsites, Leachate, Physiochemical, Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs), Soil and Water Quality. Word Count: 284
Assessing Shielding Adequacy of Selected Radiological Facilities to Ascertain Radiation Safety in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria
(Lead City University, 2023-12) Chigbo Igwe OKEREKE
The use of ionizing radiation (X-rays) in diagnostic radiography could be hazardous and cause somatic and genetic damage. Adherence to radiation safety and radiation protection practices could mitigate such risks. The aim of the study was to assess the shielding adequacy of selected radiological facilities to ascertain radiation in Ibadan Metropolis. Radiation survey meters were used to obtain the instantaneous dose rates (IDR) in the study area. The data were analysed, the estimated annual doses (?𝑒?) calculated, and compared with the NCRP standard. Radiation dose rates of ranges (0.14 μSv/hr − 2.75 μSv/hr ),(0.19 μSv/hr − 1.28 μSv/hr ), (0.23 μSv/hr − 3.01 μSv/hr ),(0.09 μSv/hr − 0.19 μSv/hr ),(0.27 μSv/hr − 7.51 μSv/hr ), (0.11μSv/hr −99 μSv/hr),(41μSv/hr −18.45mSv/hr), (0.25μSv/hr −3.56mSv/hr), (1.10 μSv/hr −45.2μSv/hr) and (0.14μSv/hr −42 μSv/hr) were respectively obtained in each of the ten radiological facilities considered. The results showed that the level of radiation safety for the personnel was low and the radiation safety guidelines were compromised. Application of shielding devices such as lead lining for protection was completely neglected in centres F, G and H. Findings from this study indicate that both the personnel working at the evaluated diagnostic centres and the people living close to the centres are exposed to radiation and are therefore at high risk of radiation-induced damage. Regular monitoring of diagnostic centres in the Ibadan metropolis to ensure continuous compliance with safety and protection practices is highly recommended. Keywords: Ionizing radiation; radiological facilities; instantaneous dose rates; dosimeters. Word Count: 227
Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Water, Sediment, Fish and Flora from Six Selected Dams in Osun State, South-Western, Nigeria
(Lead City University, 2023-12) Abdul Dimeji, ISHOLA
Heavy metals accumulation in consumables such as water, fish and plants are a threat to public health since their consumption is considered a primary route of human exposure to Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs). This study investigated the physicochemical properties and concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb Mn and Zn in a total of 204 samples comprising 60 Surface water, 60 sediments, 60 Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), 12 Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and 12 Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) samples collected from six dams in Osun State between October and November 2019. Values obtained were subjected to descriptive, bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses and also compared with WHO permissible standards. All physicochemical values for the surface water were below the WHO permissible limit except for BOD, COD and Turb which were above the WHO limit of 10, 4 and 5 mg L-1 respectively. Elemental concentrations in surface water were below the WHO limit except for Cd (0.006 mg L-1) at one site and Ni (0.03 - 0.04 mg L-1) for approximately 67% of the sites. Also, elemental concentrations in sediments were greater than the WHO limits except for Cu and Cr. Although the average concentrations of PTEs in plants were below WHO permissible limits, average concentrations of PTEs in fish exceeded the WHO maximum permissible levels of 0.7, 0.6, 0.3 and 0.3 mg kg-1 for Cr, Ni, Cd, and Pb respectively. Generally, PTEs concentrations in fish were in the decreasing order of Ni > Cd > Pb > Cr and the mean concentrations of Cr, Ni, Pb, and Cd ranged from 1.18 to 2.31, 3.15 to 3.92, 2.36 to 3.73 and 0.41 to 14.2 mg kg -1 respectively. Furthermore, human health risk assessment data revealed that the consumption of Tilapia, Okra and Bitter leaf from these dams are not safe for consumers. Keywords: Trace metals, Edible vegetables, Fish, Hazard quotient, Dams. Word Count: 299
Comparative Biodiesel Synthesis using Biowaste-based Catalysts
(Lead City University, 2023-12) BANKOLE Isaac Sewanu
Over the last three decades, effort of chemists has been geared towards the search for an ecofriendly fuel as an alternative to fossil fuel. The search light has been beamed at plant seed oil and waste. This study compared the biodiesel synthesis from Chrysophyllum albidum using biowaste -based catalysts of African star apple shell and cow bone. The seeds were collected, washed, dried and cracked. The mesocarp (cotyledon) was separated from the shells, cut into pieces, sundried and was mechanically powered. The powder was Soxhlet extracted for oil using mixture of methanol and n-hexane in ratio 50:50mL as solvent. Four catalysts used were pristine African star apple (ASA) seed shell, carbonized waste Cow bone, sulphonated ASA shell and sulphonated cow bone characterized with XRD and FTIR while GC-Ms was used for characterization of the biodiesel. The result shows that the percentage oil extracted from the African star apple seeds with the mixture of n-hexane and chloroform in a ratio 50:50mL was 28.88%. The percentage biodiesel yield using pristine African star apple shell catalyst was 72.90 % while using carbonized cow bone catalyst was 74.60% as the highest catalyst dose of 1g. The biodiesel yield with 1g catalyst dose of sulphonated African star apple shell catalyst was 75.50% while using sulphonated cow bone catalyst was 78.40%. The study concluded that the sulphonated Cow bone catalyst was more effective for the production of biodiesel and that the African star apple seed oil yield is not sufficient for the feedstock of commercial production of biodiesel but can be used for other industrial purposes. Keywords: African Star Apple, Biowaste, Cow bone, African Star Apple Shell, Biodiesel Word Count: 264
Co-occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Parabens and Heavy Metals in Groundwater Sources in Two Rural Communities in Nigeria
(Lead City University, 2023-12) Oluwakemi Abiola AKINTOBI
The constant release of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) such as parabens and heavy metals into groundwater systems is becoming of great concern due to their numerous negative effects on plants, human and animal health since groundwater is a major source of water supply. In this study, ten (10) randomly selected groundwater sources from two communities were investigated for the concentrations of parabens and heavy metals. Preparation of samples for parabens was done using Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) while analysis was carried out on LC-UV. Instrumental analysis was carried out for heavy metals using Perkin Elmer Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry optima 8000 (ICP-OES), Shimadzu. The trend of total concentrations of parabens was EtP < PrP < MeP < BuP with values ranging from 30.14 to 400.08 µg L-l. The toxicity of parabens to aquatic organisms was in the order algae < fish < daphnia. In addition, the concentrations of heavy metals such as Fe, Al, Co, Cr and Pb were observed to exceed WHO permissible limits of 0.3, 0.2, 0.01, and 0.05 mg L-1. Furthermore, human health risk assessment data revealed that target carcinogenic risk (TCR) values for heavy metals in children and adults were higher than the permissible limit of 1.0 x 10 -4 and were in the order of Ni > Cr >Pb. Conclusively, the human health assessment results from this study revealed that consuming water from these sources is not safe for the dwellers of both communities. Keywords: Groundwater, Parabens, Heavy metals Word Count: 240
Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Water and Soil Samples around Mechanic Workshops in Ibadan Main City, Oyo State, Nigeria.
(Lead City University, 2023-12) EBENEZER OLALEKAN, ADEOLA
Heavy metal contamination due to activities in auto-mechanic workshops is of public health concern. In most cities in Nigeria, auto-mechanic workshops are often sited close to residential areas and inhabitants are often exposed to possible health risks arising from heavy metals exposure. This study investigated the physicochemical parameters such as pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical conductivity, total hardness and concentrations of selected heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd, Mn, Co and Pb) in water and soil samples using standard analytical methods. Samples were collected around some randomly selected auto-mechanic workshops across Ibadan North Local Government (IBNLG) and Ibadan North-East Local Government (IBNELG) Areas of Ibadan. A total of 82 samples comprising 60 soil samples, 20 hand-dug Wells and two (2) control sites were collected from twenty (20) selected auto-mechanic workshops based on the absence of other industries and the presence of dug Wells. Composited (top soil and subsoil) soil samples in three locations and water samples from hand-dug well (0-50 m) around the workshops were collected between October and November 2019. Values obtained were subjected to descriptive (Mean ± SD), correlation statistical analyses and also compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standards and the controls. The pH ranged from 8.18 to 8.40, TDS from 73 to 394 mg L-1, Conductivity from 148 to 790 mg L-1 and Total Hardness from 295 to 300 µS cm−1. Also, the concentrations of Cu, Cr, Ni, Mn and Pb in water samples ranged from ND-1.85, ND-4.13, ND-0.02, 0.02-0.38 and ND-0.84 mg L-1 respectively. Similarly, the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, Co, Pb and Mn in soil samples ranged from ND to 0.15 to 1.86, 0.04 to 0.37, 0.01 to 2.47, ND to 0.79, 0.81 to 32.6 and 0.10 to 8.73 mg kg -1 respectively. Based on the result of this study, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk factor over a lifetime of exposure through contaminated water and soil are below the tolerable value of lifetime carcinogenic risk set by USEPA (10 -5), indicating that the contact with the soil might not pose carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk. Keywords: Heavy metal, auto-mechanic workshop, Health Risk, Carcinogenic. Word Count: 292
Concentration and Exposure Assessment of Antibiotics and Heavy Metals in Groundwater Sources in Two Rural Communities in Nigeria
(Lead City University, 2023-12) Adesola Olubunmi ADEDEJI
In most rural communities in Nigeria, access to potable water is of great concern. Likewise, several studies have linked heavy metals to the co-selection of antibiotic resistance, and Antibiotic Resistant Genes (ARGs). However, co-occurrence and exposure assessment data for antibiotics and heavy metals are scarce and when available are limited to urban areas. Hence, this study aims to investigate the occurrence, source, concentration and risk associated with antibiotic chemical residues and heavy metals in groundwater sources. A total of 30 groundwater samples from two rural communities were assessed for physicochemical parameters (pH, Temperature, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), and Dissolved Oxygen (DO)), heavy metals (B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) and common antibiotics (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and metronidazole). Samples for elemental analysis were digested using HNO3 and those for antibiotics analysis were extracted using Solid Phase Extraction (SPE). Elemental and antibiotics quantifications were done using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and high-performance liquid chromatography-UV/Visible (HPLC- UV) systems respectively. All calibration curves exhibited r2 > 0.999 and relative recovery experiments were within the acceptable range. Concentration data obtained were subjected to descriptive, inferential and multivariate analyses. The average concentrations of all heavy metals in groundwater samples were below the WHO permissible limit for drinking water except for Cr, Ni and Pb at 0.05, 0.02 and 0.10 mg L-1 respectively. Although Ampicillin and Chloramphenicol concentrations were below the limit of detection, Ciprofloxacin (76 to 1137µg L-1) and Metronidazole (1191 to 7846 µg L-1) detection ranged between 30-60% in all groundwater samples. Data from this study indicated that Cr, Ni and Pb contamination in groundwater and may pose a potential health risk to the local inhabitants who depend on well water for consumption and other domestic uses. Keywords: Trace metals, Health risk assessments, Multivariate statistical technique. Word Count: 297
Synthesis, Characterization and Application of PEGylated Bimetallic Oxide Snail Shell Based Adsorbent for Remediation of Methylene Blue Polluted Wastewater
(Lead City University, 2023-12) Abisoye Abidemi ADARAMAJA
Dyes polluted waste water has been shown to be catastrophic and lethargic to the environment; flora and fauna, resulting to an imbalance in the eco-system. This study focuses on the synthesis of bimetallic oxide and PEGylated biomass based adsorbent for effective uptake of methylene blue (MB) dye from waste water. The snail shell-based sorbents were synthesized through wet impregnation followed by calcination, which were characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDX. The batch adsorption experiment of methylene blue was carried out by varying the operating parameters such as contact time, temperature, pH, adsorbent dose, and initial adsorbate concentration. The optimum pH for this study was found at pH 3 with dosage of 10 mg, at 25 °C uptake of MB at 93.5% (CaO), 94.19% (Al2O3/Fe2O3-CaO) and 91.91% (PEGylated Al2O3/Fe2O3-CaO). SEM images of the catalysts showed well-organized rod-like and cubic aggregates, while XRD showed a highly crystalline bio-sorbent material. The EDX confirms an effective impregnation of the biomass material with the metal oxide while FTIR spectra showed the presence of O-H, N-H, C=O and C-O moiety available for the efficient adsorption of MB. Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm model best described the adsorption data for all the catalysts:CaO with R2 value=0.994 and Qmax= 349.37mg/g. Al2O3/Fe2O3-CaO; with R2 value = 0.986 and Qmax = 218.5 mg/g and PEGylated Al2O3/Fe2O3-CaO; with R2 value = 0.984 and Qmax = 1570mg/g The study is best fitted into Brouers Sotolongo sractals kinetics at a recorded R2 = 0.991 and Qmax= 78.91 mg/g (CaO). R2 = 0.995 and Qmax = 52.10 mg/g (Al2O3/Fe2O3-CaO), and R2= 0.992 and Qmax =27.69 me/g (PEGylated Al2O3/Fe2O3-CaO). This study revealed that snail shell based adsorbent could be regarded as a promising biosorbent for the remediation of methylene Blue polluted wastewater. Keywords: Wastewater, Methylene blue, Catalysts, Biomass based adsorbent. Word Count: 284

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