Department of Chemical Sciences
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Chemical Sciences
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The Department of Chemical Sciences focuses on the study of chemistry and related disciplines. These departments encompass various subfields such as organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, and biochemistry.
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- Biochemistry
- Chemistry
- Nutritional & Industrial Biochem
- Drug Metabolism & Toxicology
- Environmental Biochemistry & Toxicology
- Membrane Biochem. & Biotech.
- Cancer & Molecular Biology
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Item In Vivo and In Silico Evaluation of Citrus sinesis Peel Extracts on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Hormonal Parameters in Testosterone Induced Benign Prostate Hyperplasia in Male Wistar Rats(Lead City University, 2023-12) Omolola Mary SAMUELBenign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that makes urinating challenging. Citrus sinesis peel (CSP) has been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumour properties. This study investigated the in vivo and in silico effects of CSP extracts on testosterone-induced Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH). Forty-eight rats were randomized into eight groups of six animals each: non-castrated control, castrated control, castrated rats that received testosterone propionate (TP) subcutaneously, castrated rats received TP and 250mg/kg MECSP, castrated rats that received TP and 500mg/kg MECSP, castrated rats that received TP and 250mg/kg HECSP, castrated rats that received TP and 500mg/kg HECSP and castrated rats that received TP and Dutasteride (standard drug). Molecular docking analysis was conducted using Autodock Vina from PyRX. Results indicated that BPH rats had significantly (p < 0.05) increased relative organ weight, 5α-reductase activity and MDA levels in serum, prostate and liver in the BPH rats and oxidative stress biomarkers were altered significantly. Liver enzyme activities (AST and ALT) and inflammatory markers (PPARα and NFkB) were significantly increased in the serum of the BPH rats. There was significant reduction in testosterone, progesterone and Luteinizing hormone and histology of the prostate revealed hyperplasia. Treatment with MECSP, HECSP and Dutasteride, respectively attenuated these changes. GC-MS analysis showed 40 compounds in MECSP and 34 compounds in HECSP. Molecular docking shows that interaction of compounds from MESCP with 5α-reductase and Prostrate specific membrane antigen. Cholestan-7-one, cyclic 1, 2-ethanediol acetal, (5.alpha.) and Vitamin E had the highest binding affinities for 5α-reductase and 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2-(1,3- benzodioxol-5-yl)-5,7-dimethoxy-and Vitamin E had the highest binding affinity for prostate- specific membrane antigen. CSP extracts elicited protective effects on BPH via restoring the relative organ weight, 5α-reductase activity, biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammatory biomarkers, and hormonal parameters. These extracts contain bioactive compounds that might be chemopreventive against Benign prostate hyperplasia. Keywords: Benign prostate hyperplasia, citrus sinesis peel, 5α-reductase, in silico, oxidative stress Word Count: 300Item Radiation Risk Assessment in Mining Site Area of Paago Iseyin Local Government Oyo State Southwest Nigeria(Lead City University, 2023-12) Ezekiel Oyedokun OYEGBEMIThe hazards of being overexposed to ionizing radiation at various mining sites are of great concern to environmental scientists. This study aims to measure the activity concentrations of potassium 40K, Uranium238U, and Thorium 232Th radionuclides at various mining sites of Paago, Iseyin Local Government, Oyo state, Southwestern Nigeria using a well calibrated HPGe detector. Twenty (20) soil samples were obtained, analyzed, and compared with the WHO recommended standard. The results obtained indicate that 40K, 238U, and 232Th values ranging from 58.40 to 950.41 Bqkg-1, 5.57 to 24.22 Bqkg-1, and 4.1 to 25.93 Bqkg-1. The gamma absorbed dose rate in the soil samples ranged from 6.85 nGyh-1 to 45.73nGyh-1, with mean absorbed dose rate lower than the WHO recommended average value of 59 nGh-1. The annual effective dose rates in the air varied from 14.26 to 19.74µ Svyr-1 with an average value of 17.99 µSvy-1, while the highest and lowest values of radium equivalent in the soil were 113.68Bqkg-1 and 21.62Bqkg-1. It was concluded that all the values obtained for external and internal hazard indices were less than unity and the means activity concentration of the three radionuclides was lower than the world average recommended value indicating that the study areas pose no significant radiological threat to the populaces. These values also indicate that crops planted around the study area maybe safe for consumption. Keywords: Radionuclides, gamma absorbed dose rate, Radiation Risk Assessment, Mining Site Area, Paago Iseyin, Oyo State Southwest Nigeria Word Count: 220Item Human Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Water, Sediments and Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis niloticus) of Ogun River(Lead City University, 2023-12) Oluwayemisi Idayat AKINDELEPotentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) are ubiquitous especially in water bodies and they have tendencies to bio-accumulate and hamper human body metabolic and endocrinal processes. This study aimed to assess the levels of PTEs in water, sediments and tissues of Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis niloticus) samples of Ogun River and its human health risk assessment. Water, sediments and fish samples were collected seasonally to assess 8 selected PTEs (Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Mn, Fe, Cr and Cd) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotomer, while the physic-chemical parameters were determined using standard methods. Highest water pH value of 7.86 was recorded during dry season while the lowest of 6.10 was for the wet season. Temperature ranged from 26.59 ± 0.17 oC to 27.27 ± 0.72 oC and 26.47 ± 1.05 oC to 26.77 ± 1.10 oC for dry and wet seasons respectively. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) ranged from 13.84 ± 4.38 μS/cm to 36.67 ± 29.51 μS/cm and 13.84 ± 4.67 μS/cm to 47.21 ± 32.86 μS/cm for dry and wet seasons respectively. Total dissolved solids (TDS) showed slight positive relationship with the electrical conductivity. The mean TDS ranged from 53.50 ± 10.21 mg/ L to 57.25 ± 9.74 mg/L and 23.00 ± 4.62 mg/ L to 40.00 ± 2.58 mg/L for wet and dry seasons respectively. Water, sediment and fish tissues samples were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ni, Mn, Fe and Cu contaminations. Concentrations were compared with NIS, FEPA and WHO. However, Fe levels were highest in both surface water, sediment, and fish samples while Cu level was least in both sample locations. Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Mn and Pb exceeded the NIS, FEPA and WHO. Pb was the largest contributor to non-carcinogenic risks. Risk from the other PTEs followed the order Cd > Mn > Fe > Ni > Cu > Cr > Zn for children and Fe > Cd > Mn > Ni > Cr > Cu > Zn for adults. Hence, Ogun River is found to have an appreciable level of metal toxicity especially at lafenwa and alagada points. Keywords: Metal Bioaccumulation, PTEs, Ogun River, Tilapia, Human Health Risk Assessment, Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Water, Sediments and Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis niloticus) Word Count: 340Item Comparative Study of Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (p-XRF) and Atomic Absorption (AAS) Spectrometry Techniques for Soil Environmental Study(Lead City University, 2023-12) Oluremi Omoniyi OLALEKANRoutinely in Nigeria, elemental quantification of environmental samples such as soil samples is often done using standard techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Despite the extensive application of AAS due to its relatively low cost and accuracy, the main standard operation procedure (SOP) involves the use of non-environmentally friendly chemicals like HNO3 and high energy. Consequently, the SOP exposes the users and the environment to the detrimental effects of such chemicals. Additionally, AAS is a cumbersome, destructive technique that requires the use of lamps which are often not available at the time of analysis. Hence this study assessed the potential of Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (p-XRF) as an alternative technique to AAS by statistically comparing elemental results obtained from both techniques. In total, 66 grab soil samples were randomly collected from a minimum of two geo-referenced points at a depth of 0-15 cm each from solid waste dumpsites, auto-mechanic workshops and farmlands in the Ibadan metropolis in June 2021. The analytical techniques were validated via recovery tests ( 96.5 %). The results of the T-test analysis showed that AAS and p-XRF interchangeably quantified Cu (p = 0.06) and Zn (p = 0.14) in the dumpsite, Cu (p = 0.96), Zn (p = 0.98), Cd (p = 0.16), Pb (p = 0.30), Ni (p = 0.10), Mg (p = 0.16), Mn (p = 0.23) and Fe (p = 0.08) in auto- mechanic and Ca (p = 0.16), Cu (p = 0.25), Cd (p = 0.24) and Pb (p = 0.06) in farmland soil samples. Although statistical data from this study showed that there were some similarities in the two techniques, suggesting that some elements can be quantified with either p-XRF or AAS, the overall result indicates that p-XRF can be used in screening for all these studied elements in these environmental samples. Keywords: Correlation study, Environmental samples, Elemental analysis techniques, Non- destructive elemental quantification, Regression analysis, Statistical analysis. Word Count: 300Item Motivational Factors, Organisational Structure and Employee Job Performance In Selected Deposit Money Banks In South-West Nigeria(Lead City University, 2023-12) Idowu Adegboyega OLATEJUContinuous burning of wastes at municipal dumpsite constitutes environmental hazards to the surrounding communities and human health. Leachate emanating from these dumpsite infiltrate the soil and sometimes get run off to nearby water resources available for domestic, agricultural and industrial use. This study is to evaluate the quality of groundwater,surface water and soil samples collected in the vicinity of an open municipal dumpsite: Ajakanga solid-waste municipal dumpsite in Oluyole LGA, Ibadan, Oyo State. Sixteen water samples (groundwater and surfacewater samples) and four top soil samples were collected within the vicinity of the dumpsite. The samples were analyzed for physiochemical quality check, potentially toxic elements (PTEs) concentrations and microbiological analysis. The physiochemical properties of the samples were determined using standard method of analysis. The value of physiochemical properties of water and soil samples were below the permissible limit of WHO and NESREA. Except some parameters like TSS, Electrical conductivity, Nitrates, Nitrite in well water and stream water; and chloride in soil sample are above the WHO and NESREA limit. The potentially toxic elements (PTEs) identified are Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb, Fe, Cr, Ni and their concentration were determined using Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The values obtained for these parameters are within acceptable ranges of WHO except Cu, Mn and Cr which are slightly above WHO limit. The microbial analysis of the samples showed microbial loads of high counts above the WHO limit due to biodegradation and decomposition of solid or food wastes, and presence of feaces on the dumpsite. The parameters checked were E. Coli, Total Coliform, Total Heterotrophic. However, bio-accumulation and bio-magnification of these parameters can poses a dangerous health challenges to the environment and life in the communities closed to the dumpsite. Keywords: Dumpsites, Leachate, Physiochemical, Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs), Soil and Water Quality. Word Count: 284Item Assessing Shielding Adequacy of Selected Radiological Facilities to Ascertain Radiation Safety in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria(Lead City University, 2023-12) Chigbo Igwe OKEREKEThe use of ionizing radiation (X-rays) in diagnostic radiography could be hazardous and cause somatic and genetic damage. Adherence to radiation safety and radiation protection practices could mitigate such risks. The aim of the study was to assess the shielding adequacy of selected radiological facilities to ascertain radiation in Ibadan Metropolis. Radiation survey meters were used to obtain the instantaneous dose rates (IDR) in the study area. The data were analysed, the estimated annual doses (?𝑒?) calculated, and compared with the NCRP standard. Radiation dose rates of ranges (0.14 μSv/hr − 2.75 μSv/hr ),(0.19 μSv/hr − 1.28 μSv/hr ), (0.23 μSv/hr − 3.01 μSv/hr ),(0.09 μSv/hr − 0.19 μSv/hr ),(0.27 μSv/hr − 7.51 μSv/hr ), (0.11μSv/hr −99 μSv/hr),(41μSv/hr −18.45mSv/hr), (0.25μSv/hr −3.56mSv/hr), (1.10 μSv/hr −45.2μSv/hr) and (0.14μSv/hr −42 μSv/hr) were respectively obtained in each of the ten radiological facilities considered. The results showed that the level of radiation safety for the personnel was low and the radiation safety guidelines were compromised. Application of shielding devices such as lead lining for protection was completely neglected in centres F, G and H. Findings from this study indicate that both the personnel working at the evaluated diagnostic centres and the people living close to the centres are exposed to radiation and are therefore at high risk of radiation-induced damage. Regular monitoring of diagnostic centres in the Ibadan metropolis to ensure continuous compliance with safety and protection practices is highly recommended. Keywords: Ionizing radiation; radiological facilities; instantaneous dose rates; dosimeters. Word Count: 227Item Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Water, Sediment, Fish and Flora from Six Selected Dams in Osun State, South-Western, Nigeria(Lead City University, 2023-12) Abdul Dimeji, ISHOLAHeavy metals accumulation in consumables such as water, fish and plants are a threat to public health since their consumption is considered a primary route of human exposure to Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs). This study investigated the physicochemical properties and concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb Mn and Zn in a total of 204 samples comprising 60 Surface water, 60 sediments, 60 Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), 12 Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and 12 Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) samples collected from six dams in Osun State between October and November 2019. Values obtained were subjected to descriptive, bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses and also compared with WHO permissible standards. All physicochemical values for the surface water were below the WHO permissible limit except for BOD, COD and Turb which were above the WHO limit of 10, 4 and 5 mg L-1 respectively. Elemental concentrations in surface water were below the WHO limit except for Cd (0.006 mg L-1) at one site and Ni (0.03 - 0.04 mg L-1) for approximately 67% of the sites. Also, elemental concentrations in sediments were greater than the WHO limits except for Cu and Cr. Although the average concentrations of PTEs in plants were below WHO permissible limits, average concentrations of PTEs in fish exceeded the WHO maximum permissible levels of 0.7, 0.6, 0.3 and 0.3 mg kg-1 for Cr, Ni, Cd, and Pb respectively. Generally, PTEs concentrations in fish were in the decreasing order of Ni > Cd > Pb > Cr and the mean concentrations of Cr, Ni, Pb, and Cd ranged from 1.18 to 2.31, 3.15 to 3.92, 2.36 to 3.73 and 0.41 to 14.2 mg kg -1 respectively. Furthermore, human health risk assessment data revealed that the consumption of Tilapia, Okra and Bitter leaf from these dams are not safe for consumers. Keywords: Trace metals, Edible vegetables, Fish, Hazard quotient, Dams. Word Count: 299Item Comparative Biodiesel Synthesis using Biowaste-based Catalysts(Lead City University, 2023-12) BANKOLE Isaac SewanuOver the last three decades, effort of chemists has been geared towards the search for an ecofriendly fuel as an alternative to fossil fuel. The search light has been beamed at plant seed oil and waste. This study compared the biodiesel synthesis from Chrysophyllum albidum using biowaste -based catalysts of African star apple shell and cow bone. The seeds were collected, washed, dried and cracked. The mesocarp (cotyledon) was separated from the shells, cut into pieces, sundried and was mechanically powered. The powder was Soxhlet extracted for oil using mixture of methanol and n-hexane in ratio 50:50mL as solvent. Four catalysts used were pristine African star apple (ASA) seed shell, carbonized waste Cow bone, sulphonated ASA shell and sulphonated cow bone characterized with XRD and FTIR while GC-Ms was used for characterization of the biodiesel. The result shows that the percentage oil extracted from the African star apple seeds with the mixture of n-hexane and chloroform in a ratio 50:50mL was 28.88%. The percentage biodiesel yield using pristine African star apple shell catalyst was 72.90 % while using carbonized cow bone catalyst was 74.60% as the highest catalyst dose of 1g. The biodiesel yield with 1g catalyst dose of sulphonated African star apple shell catalyst was 75.50% while using sulphonated cow bone catalyst was 78.40%. The study concluded that the sulphonated Cow bone catalyst was more effective for the production of biodiesel and that the African star apple seed oil yield is not sufficient for the feedstock of commercial production of biodiesel but can be used for other industrial purposes. Keywords: African Star Apple, Biowaste, Cow bone, African Star Apple Shell, Biodiesel Word Count: 264Item Co-occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Parabens and Heavy Metals in Groundwater Sources in Two Rural Communities in Nigeria(Lead City University, 2023-12) Oluwakemi Abiola AKINTOBIThe constant release of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) such as parabens and heavy metals into groundwater systems is becoming of great concern due to their numerous negative effects on plants, human and animal health since groundwater is a major source of water supply. In this study, ten (10) randomly selected groundwater sources from two communities were investigated for the concentrations of parabens and heavy metals. Preparation of samples for parabens was done using Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) while analysis was carried out on LC-UV. Instrumental analysis was carried out for heavy metals using Perkin Elmer Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry optima 8000 (ICP-OES), Shimadzu. The trend of total concentrations of parabens was EtP < PrP < MeP < BuP with values ranging from 30.14 to 400.08 µg L-l. The toxicity of parabens to aquatic organisms was in the order algae < fish < daphnia. In addition, the concentrations of heavy metals such as Fe, Al, Co, Cr and Pb were observed to exceed WHO permissible limits of 0.3, 0.2, 0.01, and 0.05 mg L-1. Furthermore, human health risk assessment data revealed that target carcinogenic risk (TCR) values for heavy metals in children and adults were higher than the permissible limit of 1.0 x 10 -4 and were in the order of Ni > Cr >Pb. Conclusively, the human health assessment results from this study revealed that consuming water from these sources is not safe for the dwellers of both communities. Keywords: Groundwater, Parabens, Heavy metals Word Count: 240Item Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Water and Soil Samples around Mechanic Workshops in Ibadan Main City, Oyo State, Nigeria.(Lead City University, 2023-12) EBENEZER OLALEKAN, ADEOLAHeavy metal contamination due to activities in auto-mechanic workshops is of public health concern. In most cities in Nigeria, auto-mechanic workshops are often sited close to residential areas and inhabitants are often exposed to possible health risks arising from heavy metals exposure. This study investigated the physicochemical parameters such as pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical conductivity, total hardness and concentrations of selected heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd, Mn, Co and Pb) in water and soil samples using standard analytical methods. Samples were collected around some randomly selected auto-mechanic workshops across Ibadan North Local Government (IBNLG) and Ibadan North-East Local Government (IBNELG) Areas of Ibadan. A total of 82 samples comprising 60 soil samples, 20 hand-dug Wells and two (2) control sites were collected from twenty (20) selected auto-mechanic workshops based on the absence of other industries and the presence of dug Wells. Composited (top soil and subsoil) soil samples in three locations and water samples from hand-dug well (0-50 m) around the workshops were collected between October and November 2019. Values obtained were subjected to descriptive (Mean ± SD), correlation statistical analyses and also compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standards and the controls. The pH ranged from 8.18 to 8.40, TDS from 73 to 394 mg L-1, Conductivity from 148 to 790 mg L-1 and Total Hardness from 295 to 300 µS cm−1. Also, the concentrations of Cu, Cr, Ni, Mn and Pb in water samples ranged from ND-1.85, ND-4.13, ND-0.02, 0.02-0.38 and ND-0.84 mg L-1 respectively. Similarly, the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, Co, Pb and Mn in soil samples ranged from ND to 0.15 to 1.86, 0.04 to 0.37, 0.01 to 2.47, ND to 0.79, 0.81 to 32.6 and 0.10 to 8.73 mg kg -1 respectively. Based on the result of this study, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk factor over a lifetime of exposure through contaminated water and soil are below the tolerable value of lifetime carcinogenic risk set by USEPA (10 -5), indicating that the contact with the soil might not pose carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk. Keywords: Heavy metal, auto-mechanic workshop, Health Risk, Carcinogenic. Word Count: 292Item Concentration and Exposure Assessment of Antibiotics and Heavy Metals in Groundwater Sources in Two Rural Communities in Nigeria(Lead City University, 2023-12) Adesola Olubunmi ADEDEJIIn most rural communities in Nigeria, access to potable water is of great concern. Likewise, several studies have linked heavy metals to the co-selection of antibiotic resistance, and Antibiotic Resistant Genes (ARGs). However, co-occurrence and exposure assessment data for antibiotics and heavy metals are scarce and when available are limited to urban areas. Hence, this study aims to investigate the occurrence, source, concentration and risk associated with antibiotic chemical residues and heavy metals in groundwater sources. A total of 30 groundwater samples from two rural communities were assessed for physicochemical parameters (pH, Temperature, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), and Dissolved Oxygen (DO)), heavy metals (B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) and common antibiotics (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and metronidazole). Samples for elemental analysis were digested using HNO3 and those for antibiotics analysis were extracted using Solid Phase Extraction (SPE). Elemental and antibiotics quantifications were done using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and high-performance liquid chromatography-UV/Visible (HPLC- UV) systems respectively. All calibration curves exhibited r2 > 0.999 and relative recovery experiments were within the acceptable range. Concentration data obtained were subjected to descriptive, inferential and multivariate analyses. The average concentrations of all heavy metals in groundwater samples were below the WHO permissible limit for drinking water except for Cr, Ni and Pb at 0.05, 0.02 and 0.10 mg L-1 respectively. Although Ampicillin and Chloramphenicol concentrations were below the limit of detection, Ciprofloxacin (76 to 1137µg L-1) and Metronidazole (1191 to 7846 µg L-1) detection ranged between 30-60% in all groundwater samples. Data from this study indicated that Cr, Ni and Pb contamination in groundwater and may pose a potential health risk to the local inhabitants who depend on well water for consumption and other domestic uses. Keywords: Trace metals, Health risk assessments, Multivariate statistical technique. Word Count: 297Item Synthesis, Characterization and Application of PEGylated Bimetallic Oxide Snail Shell Based Adsorbent for Remediation of Methylene Blue Polluted Wastewater(Lead City University, 2023-12) Abisoye Abidemi ADARAMAJADyes polluted waste water has been shown to be catastrophic and lethargic to the environment; flora and fauna, resulting to an imbalance in the eco-system. This study focuses on the synthesis of bimetallic oxide and PEGylated biomass based adsorbent for effective uptake of methylene blue (MB) dye from waste water. The snail shell-based sorbents were synthesized through wet impregnation followed by calcination, which were characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDX. The batch adsorption experiment of methylene blue was carried out by varying the operating parameters such as contact time, temperature, pH, adsorbent dose, and initial adsorbate concentration. The optimum pH for this study was found at pH 3 with dosage of 10 mg, at 25 °C uptake of MB at 93.5% (CaO), 94.19% (Al2O3/Fe2O3-CaO) and 91.91% (PEGylated Al2O3/Fe2O3-CaO). SEM images of the catalysts showed well-organized rod-like and cubic aggregates, while XRD showed a highly crystalline bio-sorbent material. The EDX confirms an effective impregnation of the biomass material with the metal oxide while FTIR spectra showed the presence of O-H, N-H, C=O and C-O moiety available for the efficient adsorption of MB. Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm model best described the adsorption data for all the catalysts:CaO with R2 value=0.994 and Qmax= 349.37mg/g. Al2O3/Fe2O3-CaO; with R2 value = 0.986 and Qmax = 218.5 mg/g and PEGylated Al2O3/Fe2O3-CaO; with R2 value = 0.984 and Qmax = 1570mg/g The study is best fitted into Brouers Sotolongo sractals kinetics at a recorded R2 = 0.991 and Qmax= 78.91 mg/g (CaO). R2 = 0.995 and Qmax = 52.10 mg/g (Al2O3/Fe2O3-CaO), and R2= 0.992 and Qmax =27.69 me/g (PEGylated Al2O3/Fe2O3-CaO). This study revealed that snail shell based adsorbent could be regarded as a promising biosorbent for the remediation of methylene Blue polluted wastewater. Keywords: Wastewater, Methylene blue, Catalysts, Biomass based adsorbent. Word Count: 284Item Synthesis and Characterization of Snail Shell Based Metallic/Bimetallic Oxide Catalysts for Biodiesel Production from Spent Vegetable Oil(Lead City University, 2023-12) Shakirudeen Modupe, ABATIThe challenges associated with global climate change due to anthropogenic activities (burning of fossil fuels etc.) necessitated the development of clean alternative fuel from domestic or industrial wastes using agricultural waste as catalyst. The study investigated the synthesis of CaO, PEGylated bimetallic oxides (PEG 15%Al2O3/15%Fe2O3/CaO) and metal oxide doped snail shell-based nanocatalysts for the production of biodiesel (FAME) from spent vegetable oil through transesterification process. The catalysts were characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDX. Optimization was carried out using Box-Behnken Design using three operating parameters; temperature, time and catalyst concentration. FTIR confirms formation of new material by absorption bands disappearance and appearance. XRD showed that all the catalysts are crystalline in nature. SEM shows series of shape (flower-like, rod and spherical morphologies) while EDX reveals the elemental components of the catalysts. The calcined CaO nanocatalyst achieved 96.17% biodiesel yield with catalyst concentration of 1 wt%, reaction temperature of 48.18 °C and reaction time of 90 min, 30%Al2O3/CaO recorded biodiesel yield of 91.21% at 7 wt%, 40 min and 77.27 °C, 30%Fe2O3/CaO achieved 94.13% biodiesel yield at 9.18wt%, 40 min and 99.09 °C, 15%Al2O3/15%Fe2O3/CaO recorded biodiesel yield of 98.11% at 10 wt%, 40 min and 95.45 °C, while PEGylated 15%Al2O3/15%Fe2O3/CaO achieved FAME yield of 97.29% at 1 wt%, 40 min and 120 °C. The GC-MS and FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of biodiesel. The finding of this study shows that the synthesized biodiesel by the catalysts in order of activity; 15%Al2O3/15%Fe2O3/CaO > PEGylated bimetallic oxide> calcined SS > 30%Fe2O3/CaO > 30%Al2O3/CaO is in accordance with ASTM standards. It can be concluded that doping and PEGylation enhances the catalytic activities of the biomass based catalyst, which are cheap, eco friendly and economically viable alternatives for the production of biodiesel. Keywords: Biodiesel, Biomass, Transesterification, Fuel, Catalyst. Word Count: 290