Investigation and Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Selected Hair Dye Products

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dc.contributor.authorSakirat Dasola DANJUMA
dc.date.accessioned2026-09-21T12:42:05Z
dc.date.available2026-09-21T12:42:05Z
dc.date.issued2024-12
dc.description.abstractHair dye products have recently been implicated as another human exposure route to PTEs. This study investigated the presence and levels of PTEs in five different brands of hair dye products (labelled; A1(Black), A2(Green), A3(Gold), A4(White), and A5(Wine)respectively) using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and the attending health risks. The concentrations of 22 PTEs; Silver, Arsenic, Boron, Cerium, Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium, Cesium, Copper, Iron, Mercury, Magnesium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Palladium, Lead, Sulphur, Antimony, Selenium, Silicon and Zinc were determined. The studied PTEs concentrations were ranged; Cs > Mg > Si > Fe > Pd > Pb > Ag > Zn > Mn > Se > Ni > Ce > Sb > As > Cr > B > Cu > Mo > Co > Cd > S > Hg respectively. The average PTEs concentration ranged as (1074.149 > 882.715 > 720.246 > 689.242 >7.845) ppm for A4 >A1 >A5 > A2 and A3 respectively. The values for Ag, Ce, Cs, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Si were all above the United State Food and Drugs Administration (USFDA) limits, while those of As, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pd, Pb, S, and Zn were below the limits in all the samples except for Se in A2, and A3 with the values of 1.21 and 1.18 respectively. Lifetime cancer risk (LCR) values of PTEs through inhalation were in decreasing order of Cr > Co > As > Ni > Cd > Pb and were all above the limits except for Ni in A5. The values of LCR dermal analyzed for adults were found in the order of A5 > A4 > A1 > A2 > A3. In Conclusion, frequent use of these hair dyes products may pose cancer risks and elemental toxicity through dermal contact, ingestion and inhalation. Keywords: Dermal Exposure, Heavy metals, Hazard Index, ICP-OES, Life-time Cancer Risk Word Count: 296
dc.identifier.citationKate Turabian
dc.identifier.otherM.sc
dc.identifier.urihttps://repository.lcu.edu.ng/handle/123456789/1526
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherLead City University, Ibadan
dc.relation.ispartofseriesM.sc
dc.subjectDermal Exposure
dc.subjectHeavy metals
dc.subjectHazard Index
dc.subjectICP-OES
dc.subjectLife-time Cancer Risk
dc.titleInvestigation and Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Selected Hair Dye Products
dc.typeThesis

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