Department of Biological Sciences

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Biological Sciences

Welcome to the Department of Biological Sciences

Our department is dedicated to studying the intricate relationship between the environment in acquiring fundamental knowledge of the living world.

Our Mission: Their mission includes advancing the health of the planet, including humans

Their mission includes advancing the health of the planet, including humans.

Areas of Focus

General Biology
Food Microbiology
Medical Microbiology
Environmental Microbiology
Molecular Biology and Genomics
Toxicology
Brewering Sciences
Human Nutrition & Dietetics
Industrial Microbiology (Biotech)
Pathogenic Microbiology
Biology (Entomology)
Environmental Management
Environmental Mgt. & Toxicology

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 62

Assessment of Cytotoxic Effects of Selected Medicinal Plants on Human Cervical, Breast and Lung Cancer Cell lines
(Lead City University, 2023-12) Oluwaseun Akinyemi, ADEDEJI
Cancer remains a leading cause of death globally. Reports of severe adverse effects of anticancer drugs call for newer therapies from natural products. This study aims to investigate the cytotoxic effects of six medicinal plant extracts on human cervical (HeLa), breast (MCF-7) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines. The plant extracts were assayed for cytotoxicity using MTT assay method. The selectivity index was determined with the use of non-tumorigenic cell line (KMST- 6). The most active plant was evaluated for its apoptotic effects and its effects on oxidative stress markers of the selected cell lines. Phytochemical composition of the most active plant extract was determined by GC-MS analysis. The leaf extract of Ficus benjamina has the highest cytotoxic effects on the cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 17.56, 33.35 and 33.57 µg/ml on HeLa, MCF-7, and A549 cell lines respectively. Other plant extracts exhibited low cytotoxic effects with IC50 >100µg/ml. The leaf extract of Ficus benjamina possesses a selectivity index (SI) of 2.2 in the HeLa cell line. At p≤0.05, Bax protein level was significantly higher in MCF-7, while caspase-9 and 3 were significantly higher in HeLa cell line. Activities of SOD increases in all the cell lines but significantly in MCF-7 (p≤0.05). The activities of GST and the levels of GSH were significantly reduced in MCF-7 and A549. LPO and NO were lowered significantly in all cancer cell lines (p≤0.05). The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds (Phytol and Tocopherols) and terpenoids (Eicosyne and Eicosane). The extract of F. benjamina induces apoptosis in HeLa and MCF-7. The analysis of bioactive compounds showed that the extract posseses antioxidant and antiflammatory properties. This study suggests that the leaf of F. benjamina could be a source of potential and safe anticancer drug against cervical cancer. Keywords: Medicinal plants, Cancer cell lines, Cytotoxicity, Selectivity index. Word Count: 293
Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Mowe Ibafo, Ogun State, Nigeria
(Lead City University Ibadan, 2025-12) Adenike Onaolapo FASANMI
Groundwater remains the primary source of drinking water for many communities in Nigeria, including the rapidly urbanizing Mowe Ibafo corridor in Ogun State. With increasing population growth and urban development, concerns about the safety and sustainability of groundwater resources have become more pressing. This study was conducted to assess the physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal concentrations of groundwater in the Mowe Ibafo area, with a view to determining its suitability for domestic and drinking purposes. Water samples were collected from selected boreholes and wells across six different streets in the study area. Laboratory analyses were carried out to determine key physicochemical parameters such as pH, temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total hardness. Heavy metals, including lead (Pb), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), were also analyzed using standard methods. The results obtained were compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) guidelines. However, heavy metal analysis revealed elevated levels of iron and lead in some sampling points, which pose potential health risks such as neurological disorders, anemia, and other long-term health issues. The presence of these contaminants is attributed to both natural geological factors and anthropogenic activities such as indiscriminate waste disposal and possible industrial discharges. This study underscores the urgent need for regular monitoring of groundwater quality in Mowe Ibafo, public sensitization on potential risks, and the implementation of appropriate water treatment and management strategies to ensure safe and sustainable water supply for the growing population. Keywords: Groundwater Quality, Mowe Ibafo, Physicochemical Parameters, Heavy Metals, Water Pollution, Public Health, Nigeria. Word Count: 249 words
Assessment of Mitochondrial DNA Damage Among HIV-Positive Teenagers in South West Nigeria
(Lead City University, 2022-12) Kordinum, ALUMONA
HIV/AIDS is one of the most lethal infectious diseases in the world, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, where it has significantly impacted health outcomes and life expectancy. This study focused on how HIV and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) affects adolescent mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Previous research has shown that HIV indirectly reduces the quantities of mitochondrial DNA in cells through apoptosis during infection and treatment, and may induce genomic instability. This study aims to determine and compare mtDNA copy numbers and deletion levels among HIV-positive adolescents compared to HIV-negative adolescents. This study also aims to determine the level of genomic instability in HIV-positive adolescents. This pilot study utilized established real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) protocols to determine the mtDNA copy numbers and damage, measuring the mtDNA ND1 and ND4 genes and the human nuclear B2M gene. The research population comprised 30 adolescents living with HIV on HAART and 30 HIV-negative adolescents recruited from the Nigerian Institute of Medical Researchers HAART clinic and University College Hospital Ibadan, respectively. We found a higher mitochondrial copy number in HIV-positive adolescents (mean=87.87±1.62) than in HIV-negative adolescents (mean =53.18±30.52; p-value=<0.05). These higher mitochondrial DNA copy numbers in positive HIV adolescents could be due to the early start-up of antiretroviral therapy and the body repair mechanisms working more to replace affected mtDNA. Also, mtDNA deletion level was lower among HIV-positive adolescents (mean=25.84±3.96) compared to the HIV-negative adolescents (mean =35.26±9.55; p-value=<0.05). Further studies should elucidate why mtDNA copy number is higher among HIV-positive adolescents receiving HAART and its impact on genome stability. Keywords: Adolescents, Human immune deficiency virus (HIV), Mitochondrial DNA, Antiretroviral therapy Word Count: 254
Assessment of Mutation Pattern in a Gene Associated with HbF Expression among Sickle Cell Disease in Ibadan South-west, Nigeria
(Lead City University, 2022-12) Elizabeth Oluwatimilehin ABODUNRIN
This study aimed at assessing the level of Foetal Haemoglobin (HbF) in among Sickle Cell Patients in the Ibadan, determined the occurrence of the SNP(rs66650371) responsible for elevated HbF levels and investigated the relationship between the SNP type, HbF level and SCA severity in the SCD patients. Relationship between foetal haemoglobin and SCD is poorly studied. Hence, this study provides the data needed for future research on HbF variants among SCD patients and its severity. This is a cross-sectional hospital based study, blood samples were collected from the university college hospital and Adeoyo state hospital in Ibadan respectively. The socio-demographic information and SCD severity was evaluated from 260 SCD patients, based on the frequency of significant painful episodes, blood transfusion, acute chest symptoms and leg ulcers in the past one year. HbF and haematocrit levels were determined. Amplification Refractory-Mutation System (ARMS) PCR was performed to determine the 3-bp deletion in the HBS1L-MYb gene. The mean HbF levels of 260 patients is 4.9% ± 2.4, about 50% of the population had low HbF level, patients with elevated levels of HbF had increased PCV counts, reduced vaso-occlusive crises in a year, reduced acute chest syndromes and reduced leg ulcer. The allelic frequency of the rs66650371 is three percent. rs66650371 SNP was associated with elevated level of HbF and reduced disease severity, The study demonstrated the beneficial effect of the rs66650371 SNP in Nigerian patients. Facilities for early and regular quantification of foetal haemoglobin should be made available in Sickle cell Clinics and Hospitals. Keywords – Foetal Haemoglobin, Sickle Cell Disease (SCD), ARMS-PCR, rs66650371, SNP, vaso-occlusive, allelic frequency Word Count – 260
Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals on Soils and Crops of Agro-Industrial Cassava Production Area at Ido Local Government, Ibadan, Nigeria.
(Lead City University Ibadan, 2025-12) Grace Opeoluwa OJEKUNLE
Nigeria's extensive agro-industrial processing of cassava, especially in Ido Local Government Area in Ibadan, has sparked environmental worries because it may contaminate crops and soil with dangerous chemicals like heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study examines the concentrations, distribution, and possible health hazards of PAHs and specific heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Ni, and As) in soils and cassava roots that were taken from the study area's control sites and cassava processing zones. Ten samples were taken from processing and non-processing locations, five of which were soil samples and five of which were cassava plants. After being air-dried and sieved, soil samples were put through Soxhlet extraction to determine PAH levels and acid digestion to analyze metals. Standard extraction procedures were used to peel, dry in an oven, grind, and examine cassava roots. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) was used to measure the amounts of heavy metals, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to quantify PAHs. To guarantee analytical reliability, quality control procedures were used, such as the use of blanks and replicates. When comparing processing locations to control sites, the results showed higher concentrations of PAHs and heavy metals in the soils and cassava roots, with certain values surpassing international safety limits (e.g., WHO/FAO guidelines). Among the most prevalent PAHs found were benzo[a]pyrene and chrysene. Long-term exposure to tainted cassava products may provide both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic dangers, according to health risk assessments, especially for susceptible groups. According to the study's findings, Ido LGA's cassava agro-industrial operations greatly increase environmental pollution, which could endanger public health and food safety. To lessen the long-term effects of contamination in the area, it suggests more stringent control of waste disposal procedures, ongoing agricultural land monitoring, and public awareness initiatives. Keywords: PAHs, heavy metals, cassava, soil contamination, Ido, health risk, agro-industrial pollution Word count: 291
Assessment of the Post-Pandemic Renal and Thyroid Health of Sars-CoV-2 Exposed Individuals in Ibadan, Nigeria
(Lead City University, 2023-12) Temitope David OGUNLEYE
This study assessed the post-pandemic renal and thyroid health of SARS-CoV-2-exposed individuals in Ibadan, Nigeria. Corona Virus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) infection is caused by a novel coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The main manifestation is an acute respiratory illness with interstitial and alveolar pneumonia; however, the possibility of the virus invading other organs cannot be disregarded. Organs, such as the kidney and thyroid glands have been discovered to express the SARS-CoV-2 receptor known as the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), implying that they are target tissues. Presently, information is scarce on the impact of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection on renal and thyroid functions after the pandemic. Hence this study provides data for the post-pandemic thyroid and renal status of SARS-CoV-2 exposed individuals. This is a cross-sectional study, involving random venous blood samples collection from subjects at different local governments in Ibadan, Oyo state. The socio-demographic information was obtained from 165 subjects comprising 85 unexposed samples; those who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 virus, who also tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 antibody, and 80 exposed who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 virus and equally tested positive to SARS-CoV-2 antibody. Inflammatory marker (CRP), renal markers (Cystatin C, Urea, Creatinine, electrolytes; Na +, K +, Cl-, HCO3-), and markers of thyroid function (FT3, FT4, TSH) of the two groups were compared using independent sample T-test. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the Mean ± SD of the inflammatory marker, renal markers, and thyroid function markers of the unexposed samples and exposed samples. This suggests that individuals exposed to SARS-CoV-2 during the pandemic fully recovered. Further studies should be done to determine the post-pandemic effects of viral infection on other vital organs that express the SARS-CoV-2 receptor. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Cystatin C, Assessment of the Post-Pandemic, Renal and Thyroid, Health of Sars-CoV-2, Exposed Individuals in Ibadan, Nigeria Word Count: 293
Bioaccumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) in Water and Aquatic Organisms in Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria
(Lead City University Ibadan, 2025-12) Bisola Muinat FALEYE
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants that cause global concern due to their toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. This study examined the amounts of sixteen key PAHs in water and selected aquatic species (fish, crabs, and shrimp) from Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria, to determine the level of pollution, bioaccumulation, and potential health hazards. Samples were obtained from three lagoon sites with significant anthropogenic effect and compared to a selected control site beyond the direct impact zone. Standard techniques were used in laboratory analyses, and quantities were quantified before being analyzed statistically and for health risks. The results showed that all sixteen PAHs were detected in lagoon samples, but the control location had only insignificant or trace levels. Concentrations in water varied from 0.05 mg/kg for acenaphthylene to 18.89 mg/kg for benzo[g,h,i]perylene. Fish had the highest values of 17.86 mg/kg, crabs 17.23 mg/kg, and shrimp 16.45 mg/kg, with carcinogenic high molecular weight PAHs such as benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene dominating across all matrices. The predominance of these chemicals clearly suggested pyrogenic inputs from fuel burning and industrial activity, with further contributions from petroleum waste. The health risk evaluation revealed that the hazard quotient (HQ) for numerous PAHs exceeded unity, indicating the possibility of non-carcinogenic consequences from seafood consumption. This research fills critical gaps in understanding trends and sources apportioment and it also addresses linking water and biota contamination levels with potential human risks. Comparisons with previous research in Nigeria and internationally revealed that PAH concentrations in Lagos Lagoon are much greater, indicating the cumulative influence of urbanization, petroleum activities, and inadequate waste management. This study offers baseline data on PAHs in Lagos Lagoon and advances understanding by establishing the amount of bioaccumulation in several aquatic species. The findings highlight the critical need for regulatory interventions, enhanced pollution control, and additional research into remediation solutions to maintain ecosystem integrity and human health. Keywords: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Lagos Lagoon, aquatic organisms, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessment Word Count: 289 words
Biodegradation of Sweet Corn Cob Using Edible Fungi: A Circular Economy Approach
(Lead City University Ibadan, 2025-12) Adenike Abiola SHOSANYA
Agricultural wastes (corn cob, rice bran, bagasse) generated from agricultural practices are un-useful and discarded, their accumulation in the environment causes a serious challenge, there is need for eco-friendly waste management solutions which could be achieved through the introduction of the circular economy approach of reducing, re-use and recycling of wastes to produce new valuable products instead of the linear economy where wastes are dumped on the road, in water ways, or burned leading to environmental degradation and loss of valuable organic matter. Agricultural wastes rich in lignocellulosic materials are valueless and indigestible for animals but could be degraded by the lignocellulolytic enzymes in edible fungi. The study investigated the biodegradability of edible fungi (Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus citrinopleatus) on sweet corn cob to produce animal feed and protein-rich mushrooms. The parameters analyzed in the study include; rate and extent of biodegradation, lineal mycelial growth rate, analysis of chemical composition, mineral and vitamin content of degraded and undegraded sweet cob. Data obtained were analyzed using one way ANOVA and Excel Spreadsheet Statistical Package in accordance with AOAC official method in complete randomized timeline (988.05). Result shows that the weight of the substrate reduced, mycelial growth rate increased after biodegradation. Cellulose, crude fiber, hemicellulose, ADF, NDF and ether extract reduced due to enzymatic actions on the corn cob. Crude ash, crude protein increased as a result of the reduction in the lignocellulosic content of the sweetcorn cob. Macro minerals; Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium increased while Potassium reduced. Micro minerals; Iron, Manganese, Zinc all increased. Fungal colonization markedly increased the level of vitamin content of the substrate. This research shows that fungi (Pleurotus spp) are good biodegraders, turning wastes to valuable products in a circular economy enhancing waste management, creating economic opportunities promoting food security and environmental sustainability. Keywords: Agricultural wastes, Acid detergent fiber(ADF), Neutral detergent fiber(NDF), Eco-friendly, Circular economy (CE), Linear economy (LE), Lignocellulosic enzymes, Lignocellulosic materials, Biodegradability, Substrate, Sustainability, Edible fungi. Word count: 298
Biosynthesis and Characterization of Microbial Exopolysaccharide for Cosmeceutical Application
(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Sakirat Yetunde ABODERIN
Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are high-molecular-weight biopolymers secreted by microorganisms into their extracellular environment. Among the most well-known producers of EPS are species of yeast, bacteria, and fungi. The aim of this study is to isolate, optimize, and evaluate application of microbial exopolysaccharides (EPS) in formulation of a clarifying skin gel from microbial strains obtained from naturally fermented grape samples, soursop, maize gruel, locust beans and palm wine. Grape samples were obtained from three major markets in Ibadan: Oje, Challenge, Molete, Locust beans samples were obtained from Challenge, Felele, Orita Challenge, while maize gruel samples were collected from Soka, Challenge, and Orita challenge areas and soursop samples were obtained from Oje, Palm wine samples were obtained from Tollgate. Samples were fermented for 24 hours and cultured on Nutrient broth, Yeast Extract Potatoes Dextrose broth to reduce microbiological load and allow the growth of the discrete colonies. Isolates that exhibited mucoid colonies were incubated for 15 days at room temperature. After incubation, the culture was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 30 minutes, and the supernatant was carefully decanted into a sterile tube. Macroscopic observation was done on selected EPS producers and microscopic examination was conducted along with molecular identification using FTIR. Quantitative analysis revealed significant variability in EPS yield across samples. Isolates G1, G2, H2, from soursop and grape showed higher yields (e.g., G1 = 9.1 and G2 = 7.1), highlighting their superior production capacity. Additionally, palmwine samples (YEG PW1) showed moderate EPS production, which aligns with reports on EPS-producing microbes isolated from fermented foods. Optimization experiments identified G1 as the most promising isolate. Under different sugar sources (fructose, sucrose, glucose, galactose) and temperature ranges (25–35 °C), EPS production varied significantly. The highest yield was recorded at 8.9 g/L under 6 % glucose at 30 °C, demonstrating that substrate type and concentration, along with environmental factors, critically influence EPS synthesis. Key Words: Exopolysaccharides, microbial, optimization experiments, fermented foods Word Count: 300
Characterization and Determination of Drug Resistance Genes in Bacterial and Fungal Pathogen Co-Infecting Individual with SARS-CoV-2 in Oyo-State, Nigeria
(Lead City University, 2022-12) Florence Adenike BAMIGBOLA
Epidemiological data of SARS-C0V-2 indicated that bacterial and fungal complications increased mortality rate and decreased clearance rate of the virus therefore antimicrobial drugs were administered to patients with this disease without susceptibility testing. This study sought to identify co-infecting pathogen(s), determine their antimicrobial resistant pattern, detect macrolide, azole and polyene resistant genes in the identified pathogen(s) from confirmed SARS-CoV-2 individual in Oyo State, Nigeria. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 400 symptomatic and asymptomatic infected adults; structured questionnaires were administered to determine predisposing factors to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Isolates were obtained by standard microbiological methods, identified using API 20E, VITEK 2.0 ID cards and MALDITOF MS VITEK. Kirby Bauer disc diffusion methods and VITEK 2.0 AST card kits were used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Resistant genes in the isolates were amplified using Polymerase Chain Reaction with specific primers, genes, detection was done by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. Bacterial and fungal coinfection among SAR-CoV-2 infected individuals were detected (7.3%). Many of the identified bacteria were in family of Enterobacteriaceae, Loddermyces elongisporous (39.0%) was the most fungi isolated followed by Aspergillus flavus 17.5%). The Gram positive bacteria isolated were more resistant (66.6%) to azithromycin) used for palliative treatment of COVID-19 cases. However, bacterial isolates show significant higher susceptibility (89.0%) to quinolones. Only mefA (36.8%) and ermB (26.3%) genes were detected in the bacterial isolates and were more in Gram positive bacteria and no mphA gene was detected. Among fungal isolates, ERG 11 gene was detected among the Loddermyces elongisporous, FKS gene was detected in Aspergillus niger while CPY gene was present in Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Some of the microbial isolates detected in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals were multidrug resistant with resistant to Azithromycin inclusive. This finding is of great health concern and should be further looked into. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Bacterial and Fungal co-infection, MALDITOF MS VITEK and Resistant genes. Word Count: 294
Characterization of Multidrug Resistant Bacterial Flora of Selected Locally Fermented Foods in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
(Lead City University, 2022-12) Kehinde Mary, AKINDE
Globally, locally fermented foods have been an important part of the human diet in every culture. In Nigeria, the fermentation process is spontaneous, driven by communities of uncharacterized microflora indigenous to the food substrate. Given the rise in antibiotics resistance, this research was aimed at assessing the antibiotic susceptibility of microroganisms in fermented gruels and condiments to make inferences as to the safety of our locally fermented foods. Samples of locally fermented locust beans, maize and sorghum gruels were collected from different markets in Ibadan, South West Nigeria. Microorganisms present in samples were isolated using different agars (Nutrient Agar, MacConkey Agar, Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar, Mueller-Hinton agar and Salmonella Shigella agar (SSA). Incubation at all times was for 24hrs at 360C. The microbial isolates obtained were subjected to various biochemical tests for characterization. Isolates were also screened for their antibiotic sensitivity, and ten that were resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics used were screened for the following antiobiotics resistance genes; β-lactams (CTX-M, OXA, TEM) and quinolones (qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrSM) resistance gene. The identities of these ten isolates were confirmed using 16S rRNA gene analysis. Out of the ten isolates, half were identified as Proteus mirabilis, two were identified as Providencia vermicola, while the last two were Alcaligenes feacalis. 10% of the isolates showed resistance to the CTX-M, OXA and qnrB genes respectively, 60% to qnrA, 80% to qnrSM and 50% to TEM. Isolates one that showed resistance to more than three classes of antibiotics resistance gene used are those that are not normally found in foods but have somehow gotten into the food chain and would seem to be thriving there. Public awareness and sensitization of stake holders should be done on the need to improve hygiene in local fermented foods, especially those sold commercially. Keywords: Microflora, Antibiotic susceptibility, Fermented foods, Microorganism, Resistance gene. Word Count: 299
Chemical and Microbial Characterisation of Some Fermented Foods in Nigeria
(Lead City University Ibadan, 2025-12) Damilola Adejoke MAKINDE-OKE
Fermentation is a vital aspect of Nigeria’s culinary heritage, contributing to nutritional enhancement, microbial safety, and national food security. This study explored the chemical and microbial characteristics of selected fermented foods commonly consumed in Nigeria. Raw substrates (cassava, corn, locust bean seed) and their fermented derivatives (Ogi, Fufu, Iru, Garri) were examined for nutrient composition, antioxidant potential, and microbial ecology. Proximate values ranged from 12.43–73.10% moisture content, 0.24–15.64% crude fat, 0.45–2.88% (total ash), 1.64–9.26% crude fibre, 1.26–38.62% crude protein, and 10.09–86.26% total carbohydrate. Mineral concentrations included calcium (12.5–98.4 mg/100g), magnesium (8.3–76.2 mg/100g), iron (1.2–18.6 mg/100g), and zinc (0.9–6.4 mg/100g). Vitamins A and C were notably elevated in fermented products, with ranges of 0.02–0.45 mg/100g and 1.5–22.8 mg/100g, respectively. Physico-chemical properties of fermented foods showed pH values between 3.43 and 8.34, titratable acidity from 0.04–0.95%, and total soluble solids ranging from 5.30–16.10 °Brix. Antioxidant properties revealed total phenolic content (12.6–84.3 mg GAE/g), radical scavenging activity (18.2–76.5%), ferric reducing antioxidant power (0.42–2.18 mmol Fe²⁺/g), and radical scavenging capacity (0.31–1.94 mmol Trolox/g). Microbial analysis indicated total viable counts of 2.10 ± 0.10 to 5.40 ± 0.15 log₁₀ CFU/g, with beneficial organisms such as Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus subtilis, and white yeasts dominating fermented samples. Spoilage organisms like Aspergillus niger and Enterobacteriaceae were reduced. In conclusion, fermentation significantly enhanced nutrient composition, antioxidant activity, and microbial safety. These improvements highlight the role of indigenous fermentation in addressing micronutrient deficiencies and promoting food quality and public health in Nigeria. Keywords: Fermentation, nutrient composition, microbial analysis, and fermented foods. Wordcount: 260 words
COMPARATIVE NUTRIENTS COMPOSITION OF SMOOTHIES MADE FROM FRUITS, PLANT BASED MILK AND EGG SHELL POWDER
(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Ayomide Abimbola FASAKIN
Undernutrition caused by a lack of access to high-quality, nutritious food is a prevalent problem in Sub-Saharan Africa, affecting the health and survival of vulnerable groups. Inadequate dietary intake causes nutritional deficiencies, especially calcium, essential for growth and physiological function. This study looked into improving calcium consumption by adding heat-treated crushed eggshells to smoothies. A panel of 15 trained sensory assessors rated the instantly blended smoothies based on appearance, aroma, flavour, texture, and overall acceptability. An experimental sample design which consisted of a mixed method approach of literature review, comparing micronutrient levels, phytochemicals, and sensory characteristics of smoothies was used to assess the practicality, safety, and acceptability of consumption of heat-treated powdered eggshells. Sample 1 has the second highest amount of Vitamin B9, (0.52 ± 0.01mg) highest amount of Vitamin C, (14.88 ± 0.15 mg) and the overall highest vitamin content. Sample 2 has the second-highest amount of Vitamin C, (12.97 ± 0.03 mg) and the overall second highest vitamin content. Sample 4 presented the highest quantities of vitamin D (0.06 ± 0.00mg), vitamin E (0.15 ± 0.00mg), and the second highest calcium levels (1739.45 ± 0.00mg), along with total phenolics (0.45 ± 0.00mg) and other phytochemicals. Conversely, Sample 3 contained greater concentrations of potassium (615.67 ± 8.07 mg) and flavonoids (5.25 ± 0.05mg). The sensory analysis revealed no notable differences in colour or aroma; however, Sample 1 achieved the second highest scores across all sensory evaluations and garnered the second- best overall score. Sample 4 received the second-highest rating for texture among the smoothies. Samples 1 and 5 attained the top ratings for all sensory aspects and were deemed the most enjoyable overall. Powdered eggshells could be a highly equitable approach to raising calcium intakes in rural Sub-Saharan Africa, where calcium intake is low and village poultry ownership is prevalent. Keywords: Smoothies, Calcium-Supplements, Eggshell Powder, Plant Based Milk, Nutrient Composition Word count: 300 words
Detection and Characterization of Non-albicans Candida inClinical Isolates in Some Healthcare Facilities in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
(Lead City University, 2022-12) Oluwatosin A. ODUBUNMI
Candida species are causes of nosocomial fungal infections and are among the leading causes of hospital-acquired infections. Candida infections ranging from superficial infections to highly invasive Candidiasis are increasingly being associated with nosocomial infections. Bloodstream infections resulting from Candida pathogenic species have high mortality rates. It is considered a public health menace globally. Patient samples were collected and phenotypic identification of C.auris and other non-candida albicans was done by culture on Sabouraud Dextrose agar supplemented with Chloramphenical. Novel ChromagarTM Candida Plus was also used. GPI protein-encoding genes of the isolates were detected using PCR techniques and primers sequence specific for C. auris. A total of 90 Candida species were isolated from Adeoyo Maternity Teaching Hospital 42 (46.7%), Ring Road State Hospital 45 (50%) and University College Hospital 3 (3.3%). High vaginal swabs were 39 (43%), Pus/wound swab 31 (34.4%), Ear swabs 11 (12%), Sputum, Endocervical swabs and Urine 3 (3.3%) respectively. This report showed 38.9% (n=35) C.auris. Candida species detected were C. krusei, C.famata, C.glabrata and C.tropicalis. A wound swab had a mixed growth of C.tropicalis, C.famata and C.krusei. Resistance to fluconazole was detected in all of the isolates with minimum inhibitory concentration of 16μg/mL and 0.03μg/mL, making it a total resistance in this study. There is need for further analysis on the genes responsible for the resistance. Molecular analysis showed 27C.auris with 5.8S rDNA having a 134(bp). Keywords: Candida species, Non- albican candida, C.auris, Resistance, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) Word Count: 245
Detection of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Influenza A and B Viral Infections in COVID-19 Negative Individuals in Oyo State Nigeria
(Lead City University, 2023-12) Adefunke Iyabo AKINOLA
Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV), an enveloped, non-segmented RNA, is one of the most common causes of severe respiratory infections in children and older adults worldwide. This study investigated RSV and Influenza Viruses A and B in older adults and children aged 5 and below who tested negative for COVID-19. A total number of 206 COVID-19 negative samples were tested, viral RNA was extracted using a QUIGEN RNA Purification kit and Real time PCR was performed using an Allplex TM RSV/Flu A/Flu B kit. Results showed a mean age of 2.97 for children and 33.50 for adults. There was a negative association between gender and infections with RSV (P-value 0.589) and influenza B (p-value 0.250) both ≥ 0.05 in children, but a positive association in adults. (p-value, 0.000 ≤ 0.005). Approximately, 52.0% of the total participants were from Oyo South while 37% from Oyo central and 5% from Oyo North, 6% did not disclose their location. The prevalence of influenza B and RSV in children 2.8% each was in Oyo Central, while in adults, the prevalence of influenza A and B, 1% each was in Oyo Central and Oyo South, and 2.0%; RSV, 1. % from Central and 1% from those who did not disclose their location. There was no positive association between location and outcome of infection with RSV and Influenza B (p- value 0.482). The prevalence of RSV in children was 2.8%, Influenza A was 0% and Influenza B was 2.8%, while in older adults, RSV was 2% and influenza A and B were 1% each. This study detected RSV, influenza A and B viral infections in COVID-19-negative individuals. There is a need to investigate other possible etiologies of respiratory tract infections in Sars -cov-2-negative symptomatic individuals. Keywords: Prevalence, infections, RSV, RNA, Influenza. Word Count: 293
Ecology and Molecular Characterization of Snail Intermediate Hosts of Schistosomiasis in the Endemic Area of Ibadan, Southwestern, Nigeria
(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Azeez KOLAWOLE
Freshwater snails are critical intermediate hosts for schistosomes, the parasitic trematodes of schistosomiasis. This study investigated the ecology, infection prevalence, and molecular identification of snail vectors in three rivers within Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, a known schistosomiasis-endemic region. This study was conducted in nine-month period covering both dry and wet seasons, 2,284 snails were collected and identified. Bulinus globosus was the most abundant species (41.8%, n=956), followed by Biomphalaria pfeifferi (22.2%, n=509), Melanoides tuberculata (18.6%, n=425), and Physa acuta. (17.2%, n=395).A key finding was the strikingly high prevalence of schistosome infection in the primary vector species. Among B. globosus, 26.8% (256/956) were shedding cercariae, with a mean intensity of 1.19. For B. pfeifferi, 16.5% (84/509) were infected, with a mean intensity of 1.21. Melanoides tuberculata showed no infection (0%), but the highest mean intensity of 2.08 cercariae per infected snail. Snail abundance exhibited strong seasonal variation, with significantly higher densities recorded in the dry season (n=1,282) compared to the wet season (n=938), attributed to habitat concentration and stability. Water physicochemical analysis revealed that several parameters, including pH, chloride concentration, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), were negatively correlated with snail diversity and richness, highlighting the role of environmental factors in shaping vector populations. Molecular characterization using mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed the identity of key species, including B. globosus and B. pfeifferi, with 99-100% identity matches on NCBI BLAST. This molecular validation is crucial for accurate vector surveillance. The study therefore emphasize high-risk transmission hotspots for both urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis, driven by the high abundance and infection rates of B. globosus and B. pfeifferi. These findings underscore the urgent need for integrated, seasonally-tailored control strategies combining mollusciciding, environmental management, improved sanitation, and community education to disrupt transmission and reduce the schistosomiasis burden in these communities. Keywords: Freshwater snails, Schistosomiasis, physico-chemical, Cercariae, Molecular Word count: 298 words
Effect of Application of Feather Meal Treated with Bacterial Keratinase on Broiler Birds Weight
(Lead City University, 2022-12) Olamide Adenike JOSEPH
Feathers have been found to contain high protein content that is not easily digestible by poultry birds. Biologically processed feather meal has an advantage over mechanical and chemical methods because it preserves amino acids. This research was carried out to determine the potentials of a feather meal hydrolyzed by microorganisms as protein source in broiler feeds. To achieve this, selected thermophilic keratinolytic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) isolated from feather dumpsites was used to produce keratinase enzyme and optimum conditions for highest keratinase activity was observed at temperature of 45°C, pH 7 ,72-hour duration with casein (86.33 µl/L) and starch (581.33 µl/L) being the best nitrogen and carbon sources respectively, and this microorganism (Bacillus subtilis) was applied to feathers for hydrolysis for nine days. The hydrolyzed feather meal was incorporated into broiler ration at graded levels in comparison with fish meal as source of protein. Eighteen broilers were used to investigate the effects of the biodegraded feather meal on growth performance for 21 days and the design of feeding was; 1(100% hydrolyzed feather meal), 2(75% feather meal+ 25% fish meal) 3 (25% fish meal+ 75%feather meal) 4 (50%feather meal +50% fish meal) 5 (100% fish meal) 6 (100% non-hydrolyzed feather meal). Birds fed with hydrolyzed feather meal performed better than those fed with non-hydrolyzed feather meal and also, birds fed with higher concentration of fish meal diet performed better those fed with higher concentration of feather meal. Results showed that Bacillus subtilis was able to hydrolyze feather successfully and can therefore be used for commercial production of feather meal. Digestibility of the hydrolyzed feather meal by the broilers may be low and this may have affected the broilers weight, therefore there is need to carry out further studies on the duration of hydrolysis that will enhance feather meal digestibility by poultry birds. Keywords: Keratinolytic, Thermophilic, Hydrolysis, Biodegraded. Word Count: 300
Effects of Micronutrient Supplementation on Patients with Drug-Sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Genetic Identification of Multi-Drug- Resistant Strains in Ibadan, Nigeria
(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Ekundayo Joseph OWOLABI
Drug-resistant tuberculosis has been implicated in about 13% of all antimicrobial resistance deaths all over the world. Limited studies have been able to report the genomic characterisation of the multi-drug resistant (MDR) strain of M. tuberculosis in Nigeria. Undernutrition is a factor implicated as a cause of immune deficiency in most tuberculosis (TB) patients. The effects of micronutrients as adjuvant therapy in the management of tuberculosis have not been well documented in Nigerian TB patients. This study was designed to investigate the possible influence of zinc, selenium and iron supplements on TB patients undergoing intensive anti-TB therapy and also compare the genomic sequence of MDR TB with drug-sensitive Tubercle bacilli. One hundred newly diagnosed patients with drug-sensitive (DS) M. tuberculosis patients were recruited after the screening of sputum at the molecular level. Ten MDR positive M. tuberculosis and twenty-five normal individuals (controls) who were mycobacterium negative screened by Genxpert at Jericho Chest Government Hospital, Ibadan also participated in this study. The 100 drug-sensitive positive M. tuberculosis patients were classified into 4; groups 1-3 had anti-TB drugs plus iron, selenium or zinc supplementation, while group 4 had anti-TB drugs only. Baseline and 2 months post-treatment weights were measured, and blood samples were collected. MDR TB and DS sputum samples were used for the culture and genomic characterisation of M. tuberculosis. Results showed that baseline weights were significantly (p<0.05) lower when compared with the controls. After two months, patients on iron and selenium supplementation showed a significant increase in weight compared to the baseline values. Baseline levels of ferritin, IgG, C3, CRP, and D-dimer were significantly (p<0.05) higher, while levels of Hb, iron, selenium, zinc, and albumin were significantly (p<0.05) lower compared with controls. However, patients on Fe, Se and Zn supplementation had significantly higher levels after 2 months of treatment. This study identified the rpoB gene and KatG gene in MDR strains of M. tuberculosis. The phylogenetic analysis showed that some drug-sensitive and drug-resistant positive TB had clusters of both M. tuberculosis and M. bovis. It could be concluded that M. bovis shared similar clusters with M. tuberculosis probably due to a gene mutation that could accounts for drug resistance in MDR-TB. It may be necessary to consistently conduct a phylogenetic analysis of samples to identify which samples have a cluster common to MTB and M. bovis. This could help in reducing MDR-TB infection and possibly decrease the number of deaths. Consumption of micronutrients seems to have have effects on D-dimer, C- v reactive protein, complement factor-3, iron, ferritin and albumin, possibly by enhancing metabolic activities, reducing inflammation, preventing iron deficiency anaemia, reducing intravascular coagulation, and modulating immune response of patients to infection. Keywords: DNA sequencing, Immune system, Micronutrients, Multi-drug resistance, Tuberculosis-infection, Word Count: 429
Effects of Micronutrient Supplementation on Patients with Drug-Sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Genetic Identification of Multi-Drug- Resistant Strains in Ibadan, Nigeria
(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Ekundayo Joseph OWOLABI
Drug-resistant tuberculosis has been implicated in about 13% of all antimicrobial resistance deaths all over the world. Limited studies have been able to report the genomic characterisation of the multi-drug resistant (MDR) strain of M. tuberculosis in Nigeria. Undernutrition is a factor implicated as a cause of immune deficiency in most tuberculosis (TB) patients. The effects of micronutrients as adjuvant therapy in the management of tuberculosis have not been well documented in Nigerian TB patients. This study was designed to investigate the possible influence of zinc, selenium and iron supplements on TB patients undergoing intensive anti-TB therapy and also compare the genomic sequence of MDR TB with drug-sensitive Tubercle bacilli. One hundred newly diagnosed patients with drug-sensitive (DS) M. tuberculosis patients were recruited after the screening of sputum at the molecular level. Ten MDR positive M. tuberculosis and twenty-five normal individuals (controls) who were mycobacterium negative screened by Genxpert at Jericho Chest Government Hospital, Ibadan also participated in this study. The 100 drug-sensitive positive M. tuberculosis patients were classified into 4; groups 1-3 had anti-TB drugs plus iron, selenium or zinc supplementation, while group 4 had anti-TB drugs only. Baseline and 2 months post-treatment weights were measured, and blood samples were collected. MDR TB and DS sputum samples were used for the culture and genomic characterisation of M. tuberculosis. Results showed that baseline weights were significantly (p<0.05) lower when compared with the controls. After two months, patients on iron and selenium supplementation showed a significant increase in weight compared to the baseline values. Baseline levels of ferritin, IgG, C3, CRP, and D-dimer were significantly (p<0.05) higher, while levels of Hb, iron, selenium, zinc, and albumin were significantly (p<0.05) lower compared with controls. However, patients on Fe, Se and Zn supplementation had significantly higher levels after 2 months of treatment. This study identified the rpoB gene and KatG gene in MDR strains of M. tuberculosis. The phylogenetic analysis showed that some drug-sensitive and drug-resistant positive TB had clusters of both M. tuberculosis and M. bovis. It could be concluded that M. bovis shared similar clusters with M. tuberculosis probably due to a gene mutation that could accounts for drug resistance in MDR-TB. It may be necessary to consistently conduct a phylogenetic analysis of samples to identify which samples have a cluster common to MTB and M. bovis. This could help in reducing MDR-TB infection and possibly decrease the number of deaths. Consumption of micronutrients seems to have have effects on D-dimer, C- v reactive protein, complement factor-3, iron, ferritin and albumin, possibly by enhancing metabolic activities, reducing inflammation, preventing iron deficiency anaemia, reducing intravascular coagulation, and modulating immune response of patients to infection. Keywords: DNA sequencing, Immune system, Micronutrients, Multi-drug resistance, Tuberculosis-infection. Word Count: 429
Epidemiological Surveillance of HBV and HEV among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal in Selected Hospitals in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Ibukun Akinwumi AKINDELE
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in pregnancy is associated with potential viral transmission from mother to newborn which often makes the newborn a chronic carrier of HBV. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection causes acute viral hepatitis with high mortality rate among pregnant women. The overlap of HBV and HEV can have more adverse effects which frequently leads to severe complications and poor outcomes in pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence rate of HBV and HEV infections among pregnant women attending antenatal in selected hospitals in Ibadan. A total of 297 pregnant women attending Adeoyo Maternity Teaching Hospital and Akinyele Primary Health Centre, Ibadan were enrolled into the study. From each participant, 5ml of blood was collected and Alanineaminotransferase (ALT) was measured. The plasma samples were screened for HBV serological markers (HBsAg, HBsAb, HBeAg, HBeAb, HBcAb) and HEV antibodies (IgM and IgG) using ELISA assays. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Significance level set at P<0.05. Samples with serological evidence of HBV infection were screened for HBV DNA using the Real time-PCR technique. Samples positive for HBV DNA were subjected to genome sequencing. The seroprevalence of HBsAg was 7.4%, HBsAb (12.1%), HBeAg (0.7%), HBeAb (6.7%) and HBcAb (7.1%). Thirty (10.1%) women tested positive for anti-HEV IgG while none had detectable anti-HEV IgM. HBV-DNA prevalence was 21/22(95.0%). No significant relationship was identified among HBV and HEV seropositivity in the pregnant women in terms of age, trimester, source of water supply, education, animal contact, previous history of Jaundice, previous histories of blood transfusion and previous surgical operation. HBV and HEV IgG co-positivity rate of 1.7% was observed, with significantly high HBV prevalence among pregnant women with elevated ALT level compared with those with normal ALT level. Following molecular characterization of the HBV gene, the viral isolate was genotype E, typical of the dominant HBV genotype in Nigeria; which maintains susceptibility to current antiviral drugs and also shows low-frequency mutations and polymorphisms which were not considered to have a significant effect on immune escape for genotype E within the study population. There was high prevalence of HBV infection among pregnant women which could increase risk of mother-to-child transmission. Also, a limited number of pregnant women with increased infectivity with HBV had high viral load which may lead to increase maternal and childbirth morbidity and mortality. Hence, the need to increase access to vaccination in pregnant women. Similarly, a significant number of pregnant women had been previously exposed to HEV, demonstrating the endemicity of HEV infection in Ibadan, warranting the need to intensify personal hygiene enlightenment campaigns. Keywords: Pregnancy, HBsAg, HEV IgM, HEV IgG, ALT Word Count: 425

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