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Item Coverage, Barriers and Facilitators of Tetanus Toxoid Immunization among Pregnant Women in Selected Local Government Area in Ogun State(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Yusuf Amuda RABIUTetanus remains one of the persistent vaccine-preventable diseases contributing significantly to maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in developing countries, particularly Nigeria. Despite global progress, maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination targets remain unmet in several regions due to suboptimal immunization coverage. This study investigated the coverage, barriers, facilitators, and determinants of tetanus toxoid immunization among pregnant women in Ogun State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study design was employed, and data were obtained from 1,014 pregnant women selected through multistage sampling across three senatorial local government area of Ogun State. Most of the participants (84.2%) received information during antenatal visits, emphasizing on the critical role of antenatal care attendance in facilitating awareness and vaccine uptake. Healthcare worker motivation (83.1%) and health education during antenatal care (44%) were the major facilitators of uptake. Furthermore, 85.9% of respondents acknowledged the supportive role of community health workers, while 77.9% and 72.0% reported that community awareness campaigns and local leaders, respectively, encouraged TT immunization. Chi-square analysis showed a significant association between place of residence and accessibility to immunization services (χ² = 13.258, p = 0.001), indicating that women in rural areas reported easier access compared to their urban counterparts. Similarly, educational level (p = 0.001), occupation (p = 0.001), ethnicity (p = 0.001), and income status (p = 0.006) were significantly related to TT awareness and uptake. Partner support was a major determinant, with a significant influence on both vaccine uptake (χ² = 120.74, p = 0.001) and adherence to full dosage (χ² = 36.807, p = 0.001). Binary logistic regression further revealed that knowledge of tetanus toxoid immunization was a strong predictor of access (OR = 3.619, 95% CI: 1.691–7.616, p = 0.001). Ethnicity also showed a significant effect, with Yoruba women being over five times more likely to access TT than Hausa women (OR = 5.038, p = 0.027). Educational level was a significant predictor, as women without formal education were less likely to access TT immunization (OR = 0.828, p = 0.03). The study concludes that tetanus toxoid immunization coverage among pregnant women in Ogun State is relatively high but remains below the optimal threshold for complete maternal and neonatal protection. Uptake is significantly influenced by educational attainment, ethnicity, knowledge level, partner support, and healthcare accessibility, while socioeconomic barriers, cultural perceptions, and logistical constraints continue to hinder universal coverage. It is therefore recommended that government and health authorities intensify community-based health education to improve awareness, especially among uneducated and low income women. Keywords: Tetanus toxoid, pregnant women, immunization coverage, barriers, facilitators Word Count: 409Item Assessment of the Effect of Nutrition Education Intervention on Anaemia among In-School Adolescent Girls in Ogun State, Nigeria.(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Olusola Olamide, OYEWOLEIron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is the most common nutritional disorder affecting over 2 billion people especially women, children and adolescents. IDA is a condition in which anaemia occurs due to lack of available iron to support normal red cell. Adolescents are a particularly vulnerable group when it comes to IDA because they are going through a period of rapid growth and development, which puts an increased demand on their bodies for iron. Improved nourishment is required for the biological well-being of adolescents. This study assessed the effect of nutrition education intervention on anaemia among in-school girls (10-19years) in public secondary schools in Ogun State, Nigeria. This study was a quasi-experimental approach, with pre-and post-intervention assessments. The study involved an intervention group that receives the 6- weeks nutrition education classes’ intervention and a control group that does not. An adapted structured questionnaire from FAO was used to collect data on socio-demographics, knowledge on iron and anaemia, attitude towards IDA, iron intake practice and a 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire. Anthropometry and biochemical assessments of the study participants was also carried out. The data was analysed using statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS) with statistical difference set at p <0.05. The demographic profile of the participants shows the mean age of 13.64 ± 1.82. At baseline (n=277), 84.48% had some level of anaemia: moderate anaemia (59.6%), mild anaemia (14.1%) & severe anaemia (10.8%). Also, 83% participants generally had poor knowledge of IDA, 56% had negative attitudes towards IDA and 56.3% had inadequate iron intake. After the six-week intervention, the intervention group showed significant improvement. Knowledge about IDA increased substantially, with 88.1% demonstrating good knowledge. Attitudes shifted positively to 87.4%, dietary practices improved with a decreased in inadequate iron intake and an increase in consumption of iron-rich foods. Haemoglobin levels increased significantly compared to the control group. The control group, on the other hand, experienced a decline in mild haemoglobin levels and an increase in severe anaemia from 8.7% to 14.6% after the intervention period. This emphasizes the positive effect of the intervention on the intervention group’s iron status. The control group’s mean haemoglobin decreased to 96.1g/L after the intervention, while the intervention group’s mean haemoglobin level increased to103.3g/L, a statistically significant difference (P-value of 0.011). Although both groups showed improvement in knowledge scores after the intervention, the intervention group experienced a significant increase in knowledge, highlighting the effectiveness of the program. At the end of the study, the intervention group, had a higher knowledge score compared to the control group (p =0.000). The intervention was effective in shifting the attitudes of the participants, where the positive attitudes significantly increased, indicating the success of the nutrition education program in improving their outlook on anaemia. The baseline practices of the participants regarding IDA showed regular fish consumption (44.4%) with limited intake of other iron-rich foods, while the nutrition education intervention led to improved dietary practices, with increased consumption of iron-rich foods and a significant reduction of tea/coffee intake, which inhibits iron absorption. Keywords: Adolescent girls, anaemia, Nutrition Education, prevalence, dietary intake Word Count: 497Item Effects of Occupational Health Interventions on Health-Related Quality of Life of Industrial Workers in Oyo State, Southwest, Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Adekemi Agnes ONIOccupational hazards and work-related diseases pose significant public health challenges, contributing to high morbidity and mortality rates globally. In Nigeria, industrial workers face heightened risks due to inadequate work environments and insufficient emphasis on health and safety. This study investigates the effects of occupational health interventions on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of industrial workers in Oyo State, Southwest Nigeria and addresses the gap in understanding how targeted interventions such as safety training, ergonomic programs, and behavioral health initiatives can mitigate these risks and improve workers' overall well-being. The study employed a quasi-experimental design, utilizing a mixed-methods approach to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. A total of 212 industrial workers were selected through a multistage random sampling technique, divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group participated in a three- month occupational health program, which included safety training, ergonomic adjustments, and behavioral health sessions, while the control group continued with standard workplace practices. Data were gathered using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire to assess HRQoL across four domains: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental health. Statistical analyses, including Pearson correlation and independent t tests, were performed using SPSS version 23 to evaluate the impact of the interventions. Key findings revealed significant improvements in HRQoL among workers in the intervention group. Post-intervention, these workers reported higher scores in all WHOQOL-BREF domains compared to the control group, with notable enhancements in physical health (reduced musculoskeletal disorders) and psychological well-being (lower stress levels). The prevalence of occupational injuries, such as cuts, wounds, and biological hazards, decreased significantly in the intervention group, underscoring the effectiveness of the implemented programs. For instance, only 19% of intervention group workers reported biological hazards post-intervention, compared to 35% pre-intervention. Additionally, the study identified managerial commitment and comprehensive safety culture as critical factors influencing the success of these interventions. The results align with the Health Belief Model (HBM), which posits that workers' awareness on perceived severity, perceived susceptibility and perceived benefits of occupational hazards drive their adoption of preventive measures. The study also highlighted perceived barriers to effective intervention implementation, including inadequate resources and communication gaps, which must be addressed to optimize outcomes. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting the integration of occupational health programs into industrial settings to enhance worker safety and productivity. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that occupational health interventions significantly improve the HRQoL of industrial workers by reducing hazard exposure and fostering healthier work environments. The research underscores the need for policy reforms and organizational commitment to sustain these interventions. Recommendations include regular safety training, ergonomic workplace redesign, and the establishment of robust safety communication channels. By prioritizing occupational health, industries in Nigeria and similar contexts can achieve safer workplaces, higher productivity, and improved quality of life for their workers. Keywords: Industrial Workers, Occupational Hazards, Occupational Interventions Word Count: 458Item Assessment of Gender Based Violence in Ibadan, Oyo State, Southwest Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Taiwo Iyabode OLARINDEGender-based violence (GBV) is any harmful intimate relationship behaviour, directed at an individual based on their gender, that includes physical aggression, sexual assault, controlling behaviours, and psychological exploitation. Predominant among women and adolescents, males, particularly adult men and younger boys, also experience GBV, but societal norms of manliness frequently obscure their pain. There is paucity of research in the region that assessed the prevalence of GBV among men; greater dearth that further delineated between pregnant and non-pregnant women and between in-school and out-of-school adolescents. As such, the magnitude and patterns of Gender-based Violence most especially among men, adolescents and pregnant women in the State remains debatable. This study sought to assess the pattern, prevalence and determinants of GBV among men, women and adolescents in Ibadan. The study further assessed the healthcare workers’ knowledge and attitude about GBV and identified the category of services offered to GBV survivors in health facilities within the State. This descriptive, cross-sectional study had structured questionnaires hosted on Kobo. SPSS 29 was deployed for data analysis. Inferential statistics examined data categories' relationships. Logistic regression determined independent predictors of GBV, at a p-value of 0.05. The research covered all 11 Ibadan LGAs. A total of 11,332 respondents comprising 2,951 adult men, 1,622 pregnant women, 1,911 non-pregnant women, 3,562 adolescents, and 1,286 healthcare providers were sampled. GBV prevalence was determined at 23.8% among female respondents The study revealed sociodemographic variables such as age, employment status, education level number of children and years of marriage as key determinants among women (p<0.001). Younger women (20-29 years) were at double risk of GBV when compared with other age groups (OR= 2.15, p<0.001). Women without children (38%) or with1-2 children (50.5%) were less likely to experience GBV when compared with women with 6-9 children (55%). Up to 11% of the pregnant women reported being currently physically abused by their partners, with 6% reporting sexual assaults. Pregnant women (30-39 years) were atleast seven times more likely to experience GBV than other age groups (OR= 7.476, p=0.026) More than half, (53.8%) of the surveyed adolescents experienced varying degrees of physical abuse from their partners, with younger adolescents (ages 10-14) at double risk of abuse compared to older adolescents (ages 15- 19)( OR=2.43). The prevalence of GBV was 15.36% among out-of-school and 3.06% among in-school adolescents respectively. Among the in-school and out-of-school adolescents, sociodemographic variables like residence (rural or urban), and gender, do not significantly predict GBV risk; however, younger age, education status and unemployment status are key GBV predictors among the adolescents. GBV prevalence among men was found to be 13.7%. The research findings indicate notable deficiencies in the knowledge of healthcare providers regarding GBV, as well as insufficient long-term support for survivors. GBV persists in Ibadan with age, professional level, education, alcohol and drug use identified as strong predictors. Interventions for GBV survivors should be designed with a focus on individual- specific, client-centred approaches. Long-term support and empowerment strategies should be integrated into school and health facilities curricula for survivors of gender-based violence. Keywords: Gender-based Violence, Nigeria, Men, Women, Adolescents, Healthcare providers Word Count:500Item Effectiveness of Educational Intervention on Water Sanitation and Hygiene Practices Among Rural Dwellers in Two Local Government Areas in Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Bukola Mujidat MUSTAPHAInadequate Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) practices pose significant Public Health challenges in rural Nigeria, contributing to diseases like diarrhoea and cholera due to reliance on unprotected water sources and open defaecation. Rural dwellers in Akinyele and Ido Local Government Areas of Ibadan, Oyo State, face limited access to safe water and sanitation facilities, with scanty data on their WASH behaviours. This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of an educational intervention in enhancing WASH practices among these communities, addressing gaps in behaviour change to reduce health risks and support Sustainable Development Goal 6 for universal access to clean water and sanitation. The study employ both Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation (PHAST) and Health Belief models to explore WASH practices in the two areas. A pre/post-intervention survey design was utilized, involving 300 rural dwellers selected through a three-stage sampling technique from wards, compounds, and households in two purposively chosen communities. Data collection employed a semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire, covering sociodemographic characteristics, WASH awareness, practices, and barriers, complemented by four Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) to explore perceptions and prevention strategies. WHO/UNICEF joint monitoring programme WASH standardized core questionnaire for household template was adapted to design the questionnaire. The intervention featured community-based training sessions on water treatment, handwashing, and sanitation. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Spearman correlation, multiple linear regression and independent sample T-tests at a 5% significance level, while qualitative data underwent content analysis. Results indicated a predominantly female (56.4%) having secondary school education (55.4%) and married (64.7%), with 44.0% aged 21–40 years. Mean age ±36.9. Well water was the primary source (58.7%), and 55.7% lacked private sanitation facilities, leading to open defaecation. Water scarcity (43.4%) and absence of toilet facilities 916.8%) are the major constraints. Post intervention revealed that 63.6% found the training beneficial, and 58.7% adopted new practices, with 54.7% of open defaecators willing to change. Barriers to WASH implementation included water scarcity (73.3%), inadequate sanitation facilities and constraints (43.4%). 95.3% agreed on WASH training and 66.3% confirmed the training was beneficial (regression coefficient = -54.35). 63% took action while FGDs emphasized water treatment and handwashing for disease prevention. There was a statistically significant relationship between gender and water component of WASH evidenced by a mean difference of 11.4 ± 4.7 (p = 0.016) with males having a higher score compared to females. There was a statistically significant relationship between highest level of education and sanitation (p = 0.033) at baseline. The educational intervention improved practices, particularly water handling among women, and reduced educational disparities in sanitation, though structural barriers persisted. Pre and post-intervention comparisons revealed notable improvements in WASH practices, particularly in water handling and sanitation. The findings of this study highlights the efficacy of educational interventions in fostering water sanitation and hygiene(WASH) behaviour change in rural Nigeria, recommending ongoing health education, government-led infrastructure improvements, and community involvement to ensure sustainability. By addressing awareness gaps and barriers, such efforts can mitigate WASH related diseases and promote equitable health outcomes. Keywords: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), Sources of water, Open defaecation Word Count: 494Item Factors Associated with the Uptake of Childhood Immunisation by Mothers of under Five in Ajeromi Ifelodun Local Government Area Lagos-State(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Miller Williams AfolabiImmunisation is the process through which an individual acquires immunity or resistance to an infectious disease, primarily by the injection of a vaccine. Vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) remain the predominant contributors to childhood mortality, resulting in around 3 million fatalities annually, predominantly in Africa and Asia. Worldwide, immunisation averts approximately 2-3 million fatalities among children under five years of age. This study assessed the factors associated with the uptake of childhood immunisation by mothers of under-five children in Ajeromi-Ifelodun Local Government Area, Lagos State. A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was used for this study while Fishers' calculation sampling technique was used to determine the sample size of 801 respondents that participated in the study. The instrument used in data collection was self-structure questionnaire which was administered to respondents, out of which 801 was completely filled, returned and analyzed, using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28.0 Results of data analyzed was presented in frequency count tables, percentages and charts. Findings of the study revealed that the largest proportion of respondents was aged 25-29 years, this falls within the reproductive age of women in sub-Saharan Africa of 15-45years and corresponds with the findings that the mean age of mothers at first birth in south-west, Nigeria was 24.4. Most of the babies (39.5%) were born in primary health care centres with only 1.1% at home. The respondents were mostly married. Also, most of their partners had good educational levels, with more than 50% having tertiary education. Percentage of completion is high for penta1, opv1 and pcv1 but ipv1 and rota1 had a lower completion. Which could be due to vaccine stock out. The next set of vaccines is taken at 10 weeks, vaccines like penta2, pcv2, and opv2 were mostly reported to be largely completed, while rota2 was not, this could be due to reasons like vaccine stock out, moithers forgetting the date of the vaccination or the requirement to pay before its administration. Also, it has been reported that payments are made in some facilities before the administration of vaccines even in public facilities. This could discourage immunisation uptake for their children. However, the trend of completion decreased afterwards with meningitis being the least with less than 50% completion, while vitamin A1 had the most completion of 98.3%. This result is consistent with reports that after 10 weeks there was a decreased uptake of immunisation. In conclusion, the findings indicate that maternal knowledge, attitudes, and perspectives regarding the paediatric Routine Immunisation (RI) program are predominantly satisfactory. Engagement in antenatal care, institutional delivery, and elevated educational levels were positively associated with a thorough understanding of the immunisation program and vaccine- preventable diseases (VPDs). Future initiatives are necessary to improve maternal awareness and address misconceptions that may impede vaccination coverage rates in Lagos and other Nigerian states. Health facilities ought to issue reminders to carers before the next routine immunisation to inform them of their child's forthcoming vaccination schedule. Keywords: immunisation, determinants, mothers, children, vaccine Word count:486Item SurvivalPattern, Co-morbidity, andQuality ofLife of AdultHIV Patients onAntiretroviral Therapy inBauchi State,Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Ekerette Emmanuel UDOHBackground: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has greatly improved the survival and quality of life (QOL) for individuals living with HIV. However, challenges in the prevention of HIV-related mortality and poor retention of patients in ART treatment pose threats to effective ART interventions. The co-existence of infections and non-infectious diseases also complicate the outcomes of ART, resulting in debilitating health and poor QOL of people living with HIV (PLHIV).This study investigated the survival pattern, comorbidities, and QOL of PLHIV in Bauchi state, Nigeria. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 5,608 HIV-positive adults aged 15 years and older, from two Local Government Area (LGA) clinics between January 2020 and December 2022. A cross-sectional survey of 790 adult PLHIV, 18yrs and older, currently undergoing treatment in same facilities was also conducted between May and October 2023. Retrospective data was extracted from electronic medical record (EMR) and analyzed to assess ART outcomes including treatment interruption, lost-to-follow-up, mortality, and viral load suppression, and their incidence was determined. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis modelled probability estimates of treatment outcomes, while Cox proportional hazard was modeled to identify predictors of survival such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and viral load status. Survey dependent outcomes included symptoms, comorbidities, adherence to ART, and QOL of PLHIV measured with standardized scales. Analysis described PLHIV outcomes and their predictors. While the Structural Equation Model (SEM) was employed to test the hypothesis of the QOL scale with the domain - physical, psychological, social, environmental, spiritual, and economic - to examine how they interact and contribute to the overall quality of life. Results: Mean sample age in retrospective data was 36±8 years. Incidence of treatment interruption decreased over the three years from 33.33 to 27.23 per 100 person years (PY). Incidence of Mortality decreased from 27.78 to 0.81 per 100PY. Having viral load <1000 copies/ml exhibited significantly reduced hazards of lost-to-follow-up (HR = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.06 - 0.33, p < 0.001), and mortality (HR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.10 - 0.64, p = 0.003) compared to those with higher viral loads. Being overweight had protective influence on mortality (HR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.01 - 0.36, p = 0.001), while being underweight increased hazard of mortality (HR = 2.64, 95% CI: 1.07 - 6.51, p = 0.036), compared to having normal BMI. Significant burden of HIV symptoms (85%), co-infections (35%), and non-infectious comorbidity (37%) was demonstrated. Low ART adherence significantly predicted co-morbidity (OR: 3.29, 95% CI: 1.34, 8.36, p = 0.010). High ART adherence exhibited better QOL (β = -12, 95% CI: -14– -9.5, p < 0.001). SEM revealed complexities in QOL factors, indicating that the factors may not align well with the original hypothesis regarding the population. Conclusion: The findings show reductions in ART treatment interruption, lost-to-follow-up, and mortality rates, though challenges with infectious and non-infectious comorbidities, and quality of life remain. Integrated interventions should focus on improving the nutrition and health of PLHIV. Keywords: Antiretroviral treatment outcomes, Quality of life, Comorbidities, ART adherence, PLHIV. Word count: 480Item Occupational Safety Practice, Health Hazards and Health Problem among Petrol Station Worker in Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) EJILUDE Dauda AdekunlePetrol station workers encounter several hazards and health problems while working. Occupational hazards are the risks to life or functioning of an individual that is inherently associated with his occupation or working environment which can have deleterious effect on the individual’s health and his working efficiency. Petrol pump attendants are one such category of workers who are constantly exposed to various hazards at their workplace. This study was conducted to determine the occupational hazards, health problems and safety practices of petrol station workers in Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria. The research was a descriptive cross-sectional study that employed a multi-staged selection technique. To achieve the required sample size, 650 randomly selected petrol station employees were chosen from 130 petrol stations with an average age of 29.4 ± 4.6 years in the Ibadan metropolitan area. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Version 20.). Based on the results of occupational safety practices, it was discovered that 48.7%, 47.7%, and 48.2% of the respondent’s wear face masks, do not eat or drink while working, and do not use personal protective equipment, respectively. The results of the distribution of occupational safety practices showed that 48.7% of the respondents wore face or nose masks 47.7%, of the respondents did not drink or eat while working and 48.2% of the respondents did not use personal protective equipment while working, and do not use personal protective equipment, respectively. The results of the distribution of occupational safety practices showed that 48.7% of the respondents wore face or nose masks 47.7%, of the respondents did not drink or eat while working and 48.2% of the respondents did not use personal protective equipment while working. Hazards reported included inhalation of petrol fumes (61.1%), confrontation from customers (74.6%) and Exposure to noise (75.5%). Health problems reported included headache (71.9%), vertigo (77.9%), slurred speech (76.6%), cough (90.6%), and nausea (88.5%). There was a statistically significant association between having headache, nausea, cough and inhalation of petrol vapour (p < 0.01) or car exhaust fumes (p < 0.05). Awareness about personal protective equipment was 30.7%, while use was 7.0%. Hand washing after contact with fuel was practiced by 73.5% of the respondents. The result of this study indicated the relationship between occupational safety practices and health hazards of the petrol attendant was positive and significant (X2 = 89.668; P-val< 0.05); the relationship between inhalation of petrol fume and health problems of the petrol attendant was positive and significant (X2 = 89.668; P-val< 0.05); that relationship between inhalation of petrol fume and health problems of the petrol attendant was positive and significant (X2 = 89.668; P-val< 0.05). Petrol station attendants in this study were exposed to various hazards and health problems. Awareness and use of PPE was very low. Efforts should be made by stakeholders to ensure that owners of filling stations take responsibility for the health and safety of their workers. Keywords: Petrol station workers, Occupational Hazards, Health Problem, Safety Practices, Ibadan, Nigeria. Word Count: 499.Item Assessing the Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs of Adolescents and Young Adults with HIV in Lagos, Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Agatha Nkiruka DAVIDThis quantitative cross-sectional study assessed the sexual and reproductive health (SRH)n knowledge, attitude and experience of adolescents and young adults with HIV (AYLHIV) in Lagos, Nigeria. Data from randomly selected 443 AYLHIV from 4 facilities, were obtained with a self-administered questionnaire from February to August 2023. T-tests, and odds ratio and logistic regression statistics were used for data analysis. Mean age of respondents was 18.5(±2.9) years, majority were male (51.5%), in school (61.2%), and perinatally infected with HIV (81.7%). A minority smoked (6.3%) and took street drugs (6.7%). Two-thirds (69.8%) had poor knowledge of, and half (49.7%) had negative attitude to SRH. Factors associated with good knowledge were older age (aOR=1.07[1.03-1.10]), comprehensive sexuality education(CSE (aOR=2.30[1.34- 3.92]),higher socio-economic status (aOR=1.04[1.01-1.08]), HIV status disclosure (aOR=2.61 [1.57-4.36]), and SRH communication with caregivers (aOR=2.47[1.61-3.79]). Factors associated with attitude were age, CSE, SRH communication, SRH knowledge and sexual experience (p <0.05). Mean age at menarche was 13.3(±2.3) years, and majority of AGYW (64.6%) had good menstrual hygiene practice. Factors associated with good MHP was having learned of menstruation before menarche (OR:2.45[1.03-5.93]). 32.5% of respondents were sexually experienced with sexual debut at 17.2(±3.3) years. Early sexual debut [21.1%], inconsistent condom use [52.9%], transactional sex [23.3%], and multiple sexual partnership [51.8%], were common. Sexual abuse (20.1%), intimate partner violence (8.1%), unintended pregnancies (20.9%), and sexually transmitted infection (14.6%) were also prevalent. Factors associated with these adverse experiences were not having CSE, no SRH communication with caregivers, low socio-economic status and poor SRH knowledge. Available AYFCs did not offer comprehensive SRH services, only providing SRH counselling, occasional condoms, and referrals for other SRH issues. Improving access to SRH information, education, and service, and providing support for HIV status disclosure for AYLHIV, improving socio-economic condition of the society, and helping parents improve communication skills would ensure optimal SRH of AYLHIV. Key Words: Sexual and reproductive health, adolescents, young adults, knowledge, attitude, experience, Lagos, Nigeria Word Count: 300Item Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of Female Genital Mutilation among Mothers in Oyo State, Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Olufunmilayo Doyinsola AFONJAFemale genital mutilation (FGM) includes all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or injury to the female genital organs for cultural and non-therapeutic reasons. It is a public health problem which results into serious health consequences which may be short- or long-term health risk. Short term health risks are severe pain, excessive bleeding, spread of infection and urinary problems while long term health risks are various forms of long-term infections, menstrual and sexual problems and psychological consequences. Despite the numerous health risks, global outcry and interventions from the government, national and international agencies, FGM still remains highly prevalent in some communities in Oyo State, Southwest, Nigeria. Though, a lot of work has been carried out on Female Genital Mutilation in Oyo State but with little attention in these parts of the State hence, the researcher sought to investigate Knowledge, Attitude, and Perception of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) among Mothers in Oyo State. Six research questions were raised for the study. Mixed research method approach was employed. Study sample comprised 1,150 mothers from FGM prevalent communities in three LGAs (Ibadan North, Oyo West and Kajola) in Oyo State. Interview guide and questionnaire titled – “Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of Female Genital Mutilation Questionnaire, KAPFGMQ (α = .865)” were used to gather data. Data were analysed using descriptive, inferential and thematic analysis. Results revealed that the mothers have good knowledge of FGM (x̅= 2.251) and good perception of its laws (x̅= 2.260), do not agree to most reasons for the continued practice of FGM (x̅ = 1.357), have low practice of FGM (x̅= 1.462) and they and their daughters did not experience painful FGM procedure nor health complications (x̅= 1.332). Hypotheses revealed a significant joint contribution of knowledge and attitude to the practice of FGM among mothers (F2, 1140 = 4.171, P<0.05). It was however concluded that the good level of knowledge and weak attitude of the mothers towards FGM could be the cause of their reduced level of FGM practice in Oyo State. It was recommended amongst others that government and stakeholders should ensure continuous awareness program to improvement of mothers’ knowledge of FGM and the laws against the practice of Female genital Mutilation in the state using various sources so as to reduce the practice to a much lower level. Keywords: Female Genital Mutilation, Attitude, Knowledge, Practice, Prevalence, Mother Word Count: 395Item Innovative Approach to Solid Waste Management in Lead City University, Ibadan: Adaptive Landfill Technology(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) John Adedayo OLANREWAJUSolid waste management (SWM) is one of the most challenging issues faced by institutions that suffer from serious pollution problems caused by the generation of large waste quantities as a results of student’s explosion. Reliable national data on waste generation and composition that will inform effective planning on waste management in Lead City University, Ibadan is absent. To help obtain this data on an institutional basis, selected source of waste generations in the university were recruited to obtain data on rate of waste generation, quantification, sorting and separation efficiency and per capita of waste. Therefore, the study's title, "Innovative approach to solid waste management in Lead City University, Ibadan: Adaptive Sanitary Landfill Technology," focused on the management of solid waste in the University. A pilot source sorting and separation was conducted at the selected twenty-seven (27) hostels being the sources of waste generation in the Lead City University, Ibadan from November 2022 to April, 2023 for collection of data on composition, generation rate and compliance level of separation of the waste. Also, experimental methods were utilized to measure the amount of Liquefied Gases (LFG) concentrations generated using the handheld Sewerin Multitec 540. Results shown that majority of the lecturers (19.79%) agreed that Open dump system practices in Lead City University, Ibadan have positive environmental impacts while majority of the students (31.25%) agreed that the best way to tackle waste problem is sorting from generation before collection and disposal. Total numbers of students living in Lead City University hostel (LCU) were 3,892 out of 13,647, of which 9,755 stayed off campus. The overall student population of Lead City University at the time of this project work is 13,647. Independence Champion and Wisdom Hall with total number of students of 548 have the highest number of waste generation per week of 677.50kg while Maintenance Hall with total number of students of 27 have the least number of waste generation per week of 68.30kg. Also, out of the five components of waste, food ruminants have highest waste generation of 1,967.70kg in all the twenty-seven (27) halls of residences in the university and Papers have the least waste generation of 961.00kg in all the twenty-seven (27) halls of residence in the university. The research also revealed that certain amount of Liquefied Gases (LFG) concentrations were measured in the morning and afternoon, addition of activated charcoal made the amount of methane (CH4) gases (LFG) increased by removing impurities such as Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and finally, the amount of liquefied gases (LFG) generated after the addition of animal manures was higher compared to when not added. Correction results shown that the interactions are statistically significant. Conclusively, the research project aims to strengthen the inclusive waste management structural model and serve as a planning tool for establishing a cohesive, financially secure, environmental friendly, and socially inclusive university environment through sustainable waste management by constructing an indigenous adaptive sanitary landfill at LCU, Ibadan. Keywords: Solid waste management (SWM), Adaptive Sanitary Landfill and University Word Count: 499.Item An Evaluation of Health Interventions of Maternal Neonatal Child Mortality Reduction in Kaltungo Local Government Area of Gombe State(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2022-12) Ronah YaroMaternal neonatal and child morbidity and mortality indices in Nigeria have been alarming particularly in Gombe state situated in the north East region. The maternal mortality rate in Gombe is 1002/100,000 live birth and infant mortality rate is 20.7/1000 live birth and under five mortality is 104/1000. The primary Health care system is reduction of this indices through access to health care specific interventions. This study was therefore aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions parameters. The study is descriptive non randomised, non-controlled outcome evaluation of intervention packages rendered through the PHCs in Kaltungo LGA. A structured questionnaire in the form of an assessment sheet study instrument was used to collect data on documented intervention specific to maternal neonatal and child mortality control and it was measured against the outcome over a period of ten years (10) years intervention period (2012-2021). That out of the eight (8) interventions are: Malaria control, administration of Haematinics, Prevention/Immunization, Post-Natal care, Focus Ante Natal Care, Breast feedings Infection Control, and complimentary Feeding were correlated with outcome Morbidity and mortality and inference were drawn from statistical analysis as effective and non- effective. The documented measurable intervention packages inputs (in form of number of pregnant women, neonates and children that benefited from each category of the intervention) were correlated against the documented measurable outcomes (in form of number of deaths recorded that are specific to the categories of the intervention packages). The results show that of the eight (8) sets of interventions/outcomes for all the PHCs at level of significance of 0.05, only two intervention types (malaria control – p-value = 0.015 and administration of haemotonics – p-alue = 0.036), equivalent to 25% of total intervention sets are signinficant enough to be regarded as effective in reducing maternal mortality. In other words, all intervention packages for reduting Perinatal mortality, neonatal mortality and under 5 mortality are not significantly effective to reduce number of deaths. Keywords: Maternal neonatal and child morbidity, Mortality Reduction, Health Interventions Word Count: 318Item Innovative Approach to Solid Waste Management in Lead City University, Ibadan: Adaptive Landfill Technology(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) John Adedayo OLANREWAJUSolid waste management (SWM) is one of the most challenging issues faced by institutions that suffer from serious pollution problems caused by the generation of large waste quantities as a results of student’s explosion. Reliable national data on waste generation and composition that will inform effective planning on waste management in Lead City University, Ibadan is absent. To help obtain this data on an institutional basis, selected source of waste generations in the university were recruited to obtain data on rate of waste generation, quantification, sorting and separation efficiency and per capita of waste. Therefore, the study's title, "Innovative approach to solid waste management in Lead City University, Ibadan: Adaptive Sanitary Landfill Technology," focused on the management of solid waste in the University. A pilot source sorting and separation was conducted at the selected twenty-seven (27) hostels being the sources of waste generation in the Lead City University, Ibadan from November 2022 to April, 2023 for collection of data on composition, generation rate and compliance level of separation of the waste. Also, experimental methods were utilized to measure the amount of Liquefied Gases (LFG) concentrations generated using the handheld Sewerin Multitec 540. Results shown that majority of the lecturers (19.79%) agreed that Open dump system practices in Lead City University, Ibadan have positive environmental impacts while majority of the students (31.25%) agreed that the best way to tackle waste problem is sorting from generation before collection and disposal. Total numbers of students living in Lead City University hostel (LCU) were 3,892 out of 13,647, of which 9,755 stayed off campus. The overall student population of Lead City University at the time of this project work is 13,647. Independence Champion and Wisdom Hall with total number of students of 548 have the highest number of waste generation per week of 677.50kg while Maintenance Hall with total number of students of 27 have the least number of waste generation per week of 68.30kg. Also, out of the five components of waste, food ruminants have highest waste generation of 1,967.70kg in all the twenty-seven (27) halls of residences in the university and Papers have the least waste generation of 961.00kg in all the twenty-seven (27) halls of residence in the university. The research also revealed that certain amount of Liquefied Gases (LFG) concentrations were measured in the morning and afternoon, addition of activated charcoal made the amount of methane (CH4) gases (LFG) increased by removing impurities such as Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and finally, the amount of liquefied gases (LFG) generated after the addition of animal manures was higher compared to when not added. Correction results shown that the interactions are statistically significant. Conclusively, the research project aims to strengthen the inclusive waste management structural model and serve as a planning tool for establishing a cohesive, financially secure, environmental friendly, and socially inclusive university environment through sustainable waste management by constructing an indigenous adaptive sanitary landfill at LCU, Ibadan. Keywords: Solid waste management (SWM), Adaptive Sanitary Landfill and University WordCount: 499Item Assessment of Waste Management Practices in Ibadan South East Local Government, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Adenike Oluwaseun OBISESANWaste management is the collection, transport, processing and monitoring of waste materials. The management of wastes is aimed at reducing the harmful health and environmental impacts of solid, liquid and gaseous wastes through different techniques. However, the challenge of waste disposal has become one of the most serious environmental problems facing many cities in Nigeria. Many urban areas of Nigeria lack effective waste management systems, which have resorted to the haphazard dumping, burning or burying of solid wastes. The study aims to assess waste management practices in Ibadan South-East Local Government Area, Ibadan, Oyo State. A cross-sectional study was conducted where two-stage cluster sampling was used to select the eligible respondents for this research. At stage one, a simple random sampling was used to select 3 wards out of the 12wards in the local government; and a cluster sampling will be used to select the respondents from the selected wards proportionately. Data collection was performed using an adapted questionnaire, and the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Windows version 25 was used for data analysis. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The mean age of the respondents was 33.48 ± 11.593years.The study showed that food waste is the most dominant type, with 88.8% of respondents indicating its prevalence. The study revealed significant associations between the age and collection the waste in the house of the respondents with a P- value of 0.004, and collection of waste in the house and other socio demographics characteristics which include educational status and occupational status with the P- value 0f 0.009 and 0.027 respectively. The study underscores the critical need for improved solid waste management in Ibadan Southeast LGA. Despite residents' awareness of the importance of sustainable waste practices and the potential for waste transformation into wealth, the existing waste management system is significantly lacking. Keyword: Waste management, Waste materials, Sustainable waste practices Word Count: 300Item Nutritional Bio-Active Compounds in Annona Muricata (Soursop) and its Potential Role in Promoting Health and Preventing Disease (Cancer)(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Margaret M. MosimabaleNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cancer are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Among various therapeutic targets, the Human Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) enzyme plays a crucial role in the development of certain cancers. This study investigates the nutritional bioactive compounds in Annona Muricata (soursop) and their potential in promoting health and preventing cancer. This study was carried out to comprehensively investigate the fruit (flesh), seeds, and skin of Annona muricata by analyzing their proximate composition, characterizing and screening the methanolic extracts of the seed and flesh using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and assessing the antioxidant properties of the extracts through assays including DPPH scavenging, Nitric Oxide (NO) assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) assay. Additionally, computational study (in silico) was conducted to assess the inhibitory properties of bioactive compounds in the methanolic extracts against the Human ALK enzyme. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, phlobatannins, saponins, phenols, reducing sugars, steroids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, and flavonoids in the seed, flesh, and bark of Annona Muricata. Antioxidant assays demonstrated significant total antioxidant capacities, with the bark showing the highest capacity (41.10 mg/100g), followed by the flesh (36.53 mg/100g) and the seed (35.30 mg/100g). The GC-MS analysis identified 134 compounds in the methanolic extracts, and molecular docking studies revealed that several of these compounds exhibit strong binding affinities with the ALK receptor. Notably, Tricyclo[20.8.0.0(7,16)]triacontane, 1(22),7(16)-diepoxy (TTD) exhibited the highest binding affinity at -8.3 kcal/mol, outperforming the standard reference drug Ceritinib (-7.2 kcal/mol). These findings suggest that Annona Muricata contains potent bioactive compounds with significant antioxidant properties and potential inhibitory effects on cancer-related enzymes, highlighting its potential as a functional food in cancer prevention and health promotion. Keywords: Annona Muricata, Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK), bio-active compounds, antioxidant, phytochemicals, functional food, soursop, cancer. Word Count: 282Item Prevalence, Geospatial Distribution and Factors Associated with Urinary Schistosomiasis in Otamokun, Ogo-Oluwa Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Taiwo Mofadeke JAIYEOLASchistosomiasis is the second most devastating parasitic infection causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Nigeria is the world's most endemic country for Urinary Schistosomiasis (USCH) with up to 20 million people requiring treatment yearly partly due to inadequate social amenities including Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) facilities. Although Schistosomiasis is targeted for elimination in Nigeria by the World Health Organization in 2030, the current level of USCH endemicity in Otamokun, Ogo-Oluwa Local Government Area (OOLGA), one of the endemic communities in Oyo State is unknown. This study therefore sought to determine the prevalence of USCH and the phylogeny of the S. haematobium species in the community as well as the spatial distribution of USCH and factors associated with USCH in Otamokun, OOLGA, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study using systematic sampling with a total population of 321 children-adult-paired individuals was carried out. A semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was designed to collect data including Socio-demographic Characteristics, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene practices and water contact activities of the school-age children (SAC). All questions were scripted on the Kobo Collect app and used for the data collection. Urine samples of SAC aged 5-17 years were collected and assayed for S. haematobium. The phylogeny of the positive SH samples was determined using the Neighbor-Joining method. The geospatial coordinates of the households were captured on kobo collect and an open-source GIS software (QGIS 3) was used to generate a map to show the distribution of USCH in the study area. A Checklist was used to assess the household characteristics and hand-washing practices of the respondents. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were carried out using SPSS at 5% level of significance. The mean age of SAC and adults respondents were 9.98 ±2.99 and 32.20 ±14.97 years respectively. Less than half (46.4%) of the children and the majority of the adults (69.8%) were females. About 62.8% of respondents obtained water from improved sources and 76.3% used unimproved sanitation. The prevalence of USCH among the SAC was 4.03% (12 out of 298) with more males (2.3%) affected. S. haematobium DNA was found in 6 of the 12 urine samples positive for S. haematobium after urine microscopy. Three out of the 6 S. haematobium isolates were related to hybrid species of S. haematobium and S. bovis in the gene bank. The distance of respondents’ houses to the river was not significantly associated with USCH. Predictors of USCH were: age within 13-16 years (OR: 7.42, 95CI: 1.54-35.80, P = 0.011), male gender (aOR: 7.42, 95CI:1.54-35.8, P= 0.013), bathing/swimming (aOR: 9.86, 95CI: 1.12-86.5, P=0.039), and unavailability of soap for hand washing in the household (aOR: 3.25, 95CI: 1.88-12.05, P = 0.042). Schistosomiasis is prevalent among SAC in Otamokun, OOLGA and factors associated with USCH were age, swimming/bathing, playing in rivers, and unavailability of soap for hand washing in the household. There is therefore an urgent need for strong advocacy and commitment to the integrated control approach especially the provision of improved sanitation facilities for the community. Keywords: Urinary Schistosomiasis, S. haematobium, Swimming, School-age children Word Count: 493Item Exploring the Impact of Social Support on the Mental Health of Individuals Living with HIV in Nigeria: A Systematic Review(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Tunmise Daramola, KOLAWOLEPLWHA are known to be socially isolated and also face discrimination as a result of their illness. Poor social support can lead to depression and is known to worsen depression and other physical illnesses in PLWHA. This systematic review investigates the intricate relationship between social support, HIV/AIDS, and mental health outcomes among individuals affected by HIV. The study synthesizes findings from diverse research sources to underscore the pivotal role of social support structures in shaping mental health resilience among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). It highlights the mediating influence of HIV-related stigma on mental health challenges, emphasizing how stigma intensifies social isolation and discrimination, exacerbating mental health issues. The review also emphasizes the intersectionality of vulnerabilities, elucidating how the convergence of mental illness, HIV/AIDS status, and socio- economic factors compounds the mental health burden faced by PLWHA. The study's recommendations propose targeted interventions, integrated healthcare approaches, and de- stigmatization efforts as crucial avenues to mitigate mental health disparities among this population. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of the complexities surrounding social support, HIV/AIDS, and mental health, providing valuable guidance for policymakers, healthcare providers, and researchers. Keywords: Social Support, HIV/AIDS, Mental Health, Stigma, Nigeria Word Count: 185 wordsItem Assessment of Waste Management Practices in Ibadan South East Local Government, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2023-12) Adenike Oluwaseun OBISESANThe study is examines theAssessment of Waste Management Practices in Ibadan South East Local Government Area, Ibadan Oyo State. Waste dumping spaces are sometimes being chosen without care. These spaces are neither provided by the local authority nor community administration. This has resulted in the littering, indiscriminate dumping and overflowing of skips, bins/dumpsters with waste in every nook and cranny of big cities and all-round the country in general.A cross-sectional study design was used to carry out the research and a two-stage cluster sampling is used to select respondents for this research which a total 365 administered questionnaires were distributed randomly in Ibadan south east local government, and data analysis was done by means of statistical package for social sciences. The result revealed that the socio-economic characteristics of the households in the study area have influence on waste collection and disposal interms of their age, educational levels and occupation status etc. The mean age of the respondents is is 33.30 +11.951 years. The major types of waste generated from the locality are food residues 29% and paper waste 17%. Whereas 60.1% of the respondent uses the waste management for collection of waste,26% of the respondents practices poor waste management which include burning, dropping in drainage channels , open dumping e.t.c Age, Educational status and occupational status of respondent have significantly influenced their practices on disposal/ collection the waste in the house (p < 0.05).Conclusively, Proper waste management is essential for sustainable and healthy living conditions, residents of Ibadan south east needs health education, regular provision of waste collection points. To solve these problems, the study recommended that the waste management department be well resourced to carry out its functions. The study also suggested that residents be made to bear some of the cost of waste disposal. Keywords: Practices, Ibadan southeast, Waste management, Challenges. Word Count – 300Item Association Between Screen Time, and Depression Among Undergraduate Students in Lead City University Ibadan(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2023-12) Karunwi Oluwafifunmi EvelynThe research investigation focused on exploring the "Relationship Between Screen Time and Depression Among Undergraduate Students at Lead City University, Ibadan." The study utilized a meticulously designed, validated, and reliable questionnaire to gather data from 420 participants. The distribution of questionnaires employed a cluster sampling approach. The research adopted a cross-sectional methodology, and data analysis was conducted using the statistical package for social sciences. When assessing the prevalence of depression among undergraduate students at Lead City University, the findings revealed that 45% of the respondents exhibited mild depressive symptoms, 41% experienced moderate depressive symptoms, while 4% reported severe depressive symptoms. Only 10% of the participants showed no signs of depressive symptoms. Moreover, the study disclosed that 85.5% of the participants spent less than 4 hours using screen devices for relaxation or leisure on weekdays, whereas only 14.2% exceeded the 4-hour threshold. Importantly, the research did not identify any significant association between screen time and depression among the students. In conclusion, to proactively address the potential escalation of depressive symptoms among undergraduate students, it is advisable to incorporate a screen time threshold and encourage the adoption of other healthy lifestyle habits into their daily routines. Additionally, there is a pressing need to enhance awareness regarding the prevention and management of depression among students, especially considering the presence of severe depressive symptoms among some undergraduate students. Keywords: Screen time, Depression, Symptom, Cluster Sampling Method, Cross-sectional Technique Word Count – 235Item Awareness and Attitude towards Contraceptive Use among Women of Reproductive Age in Odeda Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2023-12) Esther Olufunke, BANKOLEGlobally, maternal mortality is a significant problem, its estimated that 295,000 women worldwide pass away each year due to conditions associated to pregnancy, it is crucial to promote family planning and ensure that women, girls, and couples have access to chosen contraceptive methods. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of contraceptive use among females of reproductive age (15-49 years) accessing care in selected health facilities of Odeda LGA, Ogun State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was used with sample size of 393 women of reproductive age assessing care in the selected health facilities of Odeda LGA, Ogun State. The inclusion criteria were female of reproductive age between 15 – 49 years. A questionnaire was used to collect data and the data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) windows version 22 and statistical significance was set at p <0.05.About 74.9% (293) have good knowledge of contraceptive, 61.6% (241) have positive attitude and 36.3% (142) of the participants use contraceptive. Hearing about family planning, Previous problem after using contraceptive and knowledge about contraceptive use all show significant association with contraceptive use with p value < 0.05. 25.4% of the participants recommended male condom, 12.1% recommended female condom, 15.8% recommended pills, 10.5% recommended injectables, 6.4% recommended IUCD, 12.7% recommended Implants, 1.3% recommended female sterilization. Based on findings, it was confirmed that the level of knowledge and attitude of women of reproductive age in the selected health facilities of Odeda LGA, Ogun State, Nigeria towards Contraceptive use was high but positive attitude which does not correspond with the use which is low, to this effect, there is more need for healthcare givers at the facilities to put more work into educating women on the safeness and benefits of contraceptive. Key Words: Contraceptive, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Women of Reproductive Age Word Count:290