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Item Role of SLC6A4 Gene in Serotonin Levels, Gonadocorticoids and Inflammation on the Severity of Depression in Patients from Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Obianuju Ibifuro OJIKAHDepression is a complex disorder influenced by genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. Sex, age-related differences alongside lifestyle choices play a a dynamic role in the concurrence of depression and its severity in men and women. The SLC6A4 gene, responsible for serotonin transporter regulation, has been implicated in depression. However, the relationship between SLC6A4 gene variants, serotonin levels, gonadocorticoids, inflammation, and depression severity in Nigerian patients remains unexplored. This study investigated the association between gene- environmental factors, serum serotonin, IL-6 and gonadocorticoids levels on depression severity in Nigerian patients. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Federal Ministry of Health with approval number: NHREC/01/01/2007-01/09/2024. A case-control study was conducted, 164 participants, 73 with depression and 91 healthy controls were recruited. 10 mls of blood samples were collected from all participants, After consent was given, two questionnaires were issued and enrolment characteristics were recorded. qPCR genotyping of SLC6A4 gene variants, rs6354 and rs8076005, serum serotonin and IL-6 were estimated by ELISA kits. Progesterone, testosterone and estrogen were quantified with CLIA microparicles kits. The results show that SLC6A4 long or short alleles were not present in this population. rs6354 played a role in severe depression (p=0.035). Significantly levels of reduced serum serotonin levels (p= <0.001) and testosterone (p=0.024) in the cases, compared to controls. Males testosterone levels was significantly increased in severe depression (p= 0.033). Both rs8076005 and rs634 the recessive homozygous alleles were risk factors for low serotonin levels (p= <0.001). Il-6 levels showed protective traits in women who were diagnosed with depression (p= 0.048). Employment and alcohol consumption were also found to protect against odds of depression occurrence. Lifestyle choices such as smoking, and number of children or lack of, did not show any noticeable associations to depression, neither did progesterone or oestrogen. This study provides evidence for the role of lifestyle, SLC6A4 gene in modulating serotonin levels, as well as hormonal factors, which contribute to the severity of depression in men and women in Nigeria. This study highlights the complex interplay between biological factors in depression and underscores the need for personalized treatment approaches. The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying depression and have implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Keywords: Depression, Polymophism, Serotonin, Inflammation, Gonadocorticiods, Nigeria. Word Count: 368 wordsItem Microplastic and Phthalate Esters Occurrences in Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus Obtained from Lagos and Epe Lagoons(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Nkechinyere Veronica OTU-EKUMAMicroplastics are increasingly found in aquatic environments, yet data on their distribution and effects in Nigeria’s lagoons remain limited. This study assessed the occurrence of microplastics and phthalate esters in two commercially important fish species (Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus) and heavy metals in surface and benthic waters from Makoko, Ikorodu, and Epe. Sampling occurred during four seasonal cycles (March, May, August, and November). Microplastics were isolated by density separation and identified via FTIR; phthalates were analyzed using GC-MS, and heavy metals analysed using standard method. The study recorded widespread contamination in all sample types and sites, with seasonal and spatial variations. Microplastic counts in Oreochromis niloticus ranged from 8.7±2.3 particles/fish (Epe, August) to 22.3±5.7 (Makoko, November), and in Clarias gariepinus from 7.6±1.9 (Epe, August) to 19.4±4.8 (Makoko, November). Fibers made up 58%, fragments 35%, films 5%, and pellets 2% of total particles. The most abundant polymers were PE (42%), PP (26%), PS (17%), and PET (15%), indicating mixed urban and household plastic sources. Phthalate esters occurred in all fish tissue samples, showing seasonal and spatial variation. The highest concentration (55.0 ± 5.4 mg/kg) was observed in C. gariepinus from Ikorodu in March, and the lowest (28.7 ± 3.2 mg/kg) in August, while Oreochromis niloticus from Makoko contained 49.3±4.1 mg/kg. Diethyl phthalate (DEP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the most abundant esters detected. Heavy metal concentrations exceeded WHO limits in all water samples. Notably, in November, Pb in Makoko benthic water reached 6.77 mg/L, Ni 14.66 mg/L, Cd 2.84 mg/L, Cr 3.15 mg/L, and Cu 2.61 mg/L. Seasonal variations were evident across parameters: for instance, Pb in surface water at Ikorodu declined from 3.74 mg/L in May to 1.21 mg/L in August before rising again to 4.68 mg/L in November. Similar seasonal trends were observed for Ni, Cd, Cr, and Cu, reflecting the influence of rainfall, mixing, and anthropogenic inputs. Morphometric analysis showed clear spatial and seasonal differences in Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus. Epe consistently recorded the largest specimens, with O. niloticus reaching a mean standard length of 13.80 ± 1.56 cm and weight of 175.00 ± 31.31 g in November, while Makoko recorded the smallest (13.00 ± 1.12 cm; 155.00 ± 33.54 g). For C. gariepinus, Epe weights peaked at 390.00 ± 78.26 g, compared to 350.00 ± 67.08 g at Makoko. Physicochemical parameters varied seasonally; for example, dissolved oxygen was highest in August (6.24 mg/L surface water at Epe) during peak rainfall, while conductivity and TDS were elevated in March and November, with benthic conductivity reaching 329.50 µS/cm at Makoko. Turbidity also peaked in November, with surface water values up to 42.40 NTU at Ikorodu, reflecting increased runoff and anthropogenic input. These findings demonstrate that microplastics, phthalates, and heavy metals co-occur at ecologically concerning levels in Lagos and Epe lagoons, with site- and season-specific patterns. Targeted interventions—particularly improved waste management, focused monitoring in high risk areas such as Makoko, and seasonal pollution control—are essential to safeguard aquatic ecosystems and food security. Keywords: Microplastic, Phthalate, Heavy Metals, Pollution, Aquatic Ecosystems Word Count: 457Item Epidemiological Surveillance of HBV and HEV among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal in Selected Hospitals in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Ibukun Akinwumi AKINDELEHepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in pregnancy is associated with potential viral transmission from mother to newborn which often makes the newborn a chronic carrier of HBV. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection causes acute viral hepatitis with high mortality rate among pregnant women. The overlap of HBV and HEV can have more adverse effects which frequently leads to severe complications and poor outcomes in pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence rate of HBV and HEV infections among pregnant women attending antenatal in selected hospitals in Ibadan. A total of 297 pregnant women attending Adeoyo Maternity Teaching Hospital and Akinyele Primary Health Centre, Ibadan were enrolled into the study. From each participant, 5ml of blood was collected and Alanineaminotransferase (ALT) was measured. The plasma samples were screened for HBV serological markers (HBsAg, HBsAb, HBeAg, HBeAb, HBcAb) and HEV antibodies (IgM and IgG) using ELISA assays. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Significance level set at P<0.05. Samples with serological evidence of HBV infection were screened for HBV DNA using the Real time-PCR technique. Samples positive for HBV DNA were subjected to genome sequencing. The seroprevalence of HBsAg was 7.4%, HBsAb (12.1%), HBeAg (0.7%), HBeAb (6.7%) and HBcAb (7.1%). Thirty (10.1%) women tested positive for anti-HEV IgG while none had detectable anti-HEV IgM. HBV-DNA prevalence was 21/22(95.0%). No significant relationship was identified among HBV and HEV seropositivity in the pregnant women in terms of age, trimester, source of water supply, education, animal contact, previous history of Jaundice, previous histories of blood transfusion and previous surgical operation. HBV and HEV IgG co-positivity rate of 1.7% was observed, with significantly high HBV prevalence among pregnant women with elevated ALT level compared with those with normal ALT level. Following molecular characterization of the HBV gene, the viral isolate was genotype E, typical of the dominant HBV genotype in Nigeria; which maintains susceptibility to current antiviral drugs and also shows low-frequency mutations and polymorphisms which were not considered to have a significant effect on immune escape for genotype E within the study population. There was high prevalence of HBV infection among pregnant women which could increase risk of mother-to-child transmission. Also, a limited number of pregnant women with increased infectivity with HBV had high viral load which may lead to increase maternal and childbirth morbidity and mortality. Hence, the need to increase access to vaccination in pregnant women. Similarly, a significant number of pregnant women had been previously exposed to HEV, demonstrating the endemicity of HEV infection in Ibadan, warranting the need to intensify personal hygiene enlightenment campaigns. Keywords: Pregnancy, HBsAg, HEV IgM, HEV IgG, ALT Word Count: 425Item Biodegradation of Sweet Corn Cob Using Edible Fungi: A Circular Economy Approach(Lead City University Ibadan, 2025-12) Adenike Abiola SHOSANYAAgricultural wastes (corn cob, rice bran, bagasse) generated from agricultural practices are un-useful and discarded, their accumulation in the environment causes a serious challenge, there is need for eco-friendly waste management solutions which could be achieved through the introduction of the circular economy approach of reducing, re-use and recycling of wastes to produce new valuable products instead of the linear economy where wastes are dumped on the road, in water ways, or burned leading to environmental degradation and loss of valuable organic matter. Agricultural wastes rich in lignocellulosic materials are valueless and indigestible for animals but could be degraded by the lignocellulolytic enzymes in edible fungi. The study investigated the biodegradability of edible fungi (Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus citrinopleatus) on sweet corn cob to produce animal feed and protein-rich mushrooms. The parameters analyzed in the study include; rate and extent of biodegradation, lineal mycelial growth rate, analysis of chemical composition, mineral and vitamin content of degraded and undegraded sweet cob. Data obtained were analyzed using one way ANOVA and Excel Spreadsheet Statistical Package in accordance with AOAC official method in complete randomized timeline (988.05). Result shows that the weight of the substrate reduced, mycelial growth rate increased after biodegradation. Cellulose, crude fiber, hemicellulose, ADF, NDF and ether extract reduced due to enzymatic actions on the corn cob. Crude ash, crude protein increased as a result of the reduction in the lignocellulosic content of the sweetcorn cob. Macro minerals; Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium increased while Potassium reduced. Micro minerals; Iron, Manganese, Zinc all increased. Fungal colonization markedly increased the level of vitamin content of the substrate. This research shows that fungi (Pleurotus spp) are good biodegraders, turning wastes to valuable products in a circular economy enhancing waste management, creating economic opportunities promoting food security and environmental sustainability. Keywords: Agricultural wastes, Acid detergent fiber(ADF), Neutral detergent fiber(NDF), Eco-friendly, Circular economy (CE), Linear economy (LE), Lignocellulosic enzymes, Lignocellulosic materials, Biodegradability, Substrate, Sustainability, Edible fungi. Word count: 298Item Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals on Soils and Crops of Agro-Industrial Cassava Production Area at Ido Local Government, Ibadan, Nigeria.(Lead City University Ibadan, 2025-12) Grace Opeoluwa OJEKUNLENigeria's extensive agro-industrial processing of cassava, especially in Ido Local Government Area in Ibadan, has sparked environmental worries because it may contaminate crops and soil with dangerous chemicals like heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study examines the concentrations, distribution, and possible health hazards of PAHs and specific heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Ni, and As) in soils and cassava roots that were taken from the study area's control sites and cassava processing zones. Ten samples were taken from processing and non-processing locations, five of which were soil samples and five of which were cassava plants. After being air-dried and sieved, soil samples were put through Soxhlet extraction to determine PAH levels and acid digestion to analyze metals. Standard extraction procedures were used to peel, dry in an oven, grind, and examine cassava roots. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) was used to measure the amounts of heavy metals, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to quantify PAHs. To guarantee analytical reliability, quality control procedures were used, such as the use of blanks and replicates. When comparing processing locations to control sites, the results showed higher concentrations of PAHs and heavy metals in the soils and cassava roots, with certain values surpassing international safety limits (e.g., WHO/FAO guidelines). Among the most prevalent PAHs found were benzo[a]pyrene and chrysene. Long-term exposure to tainted cassava products may provide both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic dangers, according to health risk assessments, especially for susceptible groups. According to the study's findings, Ido LGA's cassava agro-industrial operations greatly increase environmental pollution, which could endanger public health and food safety. To lessen the long-term effects of contamination in the area, it suggests more stringent control of waste disposal procedures, ongoing agricultural land monitoring, and public awareness initiatives. Keywords: PAHs, heavy metals, cassava, soil contamination, Ido, health risk, agro-industrial pollution Word count: 291Item Molecular Characterization of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1 alpha Gene in Diabetic Patients in Lagos State, Nigeria(Lead City University Ibadan, 2025-12) Arinola Ibilola MAKINDEDiabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most pressing public health challenges globally, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to either insulin deficiency or resistance. This study investigates prevalence and molecular characterization of HNF1A gene variants among diabetic patients in Lagos, Nigeria, highlighting non-genetic risk factors such as age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). A cross-sectional study involving 100 participants was conducted, demographics, biochemical analyses, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and the presence of specific gene variants using PCR were carried out. 47 of the 100 study participants (47%) were males while 53% were females. Mean age of participants was 46.45 years while 40% of the participants were aged 51-70 years. Also, 63% of study participants had normal BMI of 24.3 while 37% were obese. The mean values showed significant difference for both age and sex with p < 0.000 and 0.003 respectively. The mean values showed significant difference for age but no within sex and BMI at 95% confidence level (p < 0.05). The parameters tested for showed no significant difference for age, sex and BMI with respect to the genetic variants at 95% confidence level (p < 0.05). The overall percentage of PCR shows 60% positive and 40% negative. In addition, 51.7% of male are positive and 48.3% are negative, but 65% of female are positive and 35% are negative. The findings revealed a higher prevalence of diabetes among older participants with increased BMI, emphasizing their role as significant risk factors. Notably, the HNF1A gene showed variations, yet no statistically significant association between these variants and diabetes status was found. This suggests HNF1A mutations might influence glycemic control, other factors such as lifestyle and environmental factors may also play roles in diabetes pathogenesis. Therefore, early screening and identifies genetic screening as a potential tool for precise diabetic care. Keywords: Prevalence, Diabetes Mellitus, Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1 alpha, Glycated Hemoglobin, Polymerase Chain Reaction. Word Count: 298 wordsItem Oral Microbiome Alterations Associated with Human Papillomavirus Infection in Edo State, Nigeria: A 16S rRNA Metagenomic Study(Lead City University Ibadan, 2025-12) Kilsi BORGBARAUnderstanding the oral microbiome's interplay with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is crucial for elucidating HPV-related disease pathogenesis. However, over 90% of HPV–microbiome studies originate from high-income countries. A Nigerian-specific microbial signature for HPV-associated dysbiosis is lacking, limiting efforts to develop relevant biomarkers or understand unique disease progression in this population. This study aimed to identify oral microbial signatures associated with HPV infection, hypothesizing distinct alterations due to immunomodulation, particularly when stratified by HIV status. A nested case-control design was employed within the prospective HOMINY cohort in Edo State, Nigeria. Twenty oral rinse samples (10 HPV-positive, 10 HPV-negative), stratified by HIV status, were analyzed via full-length 16S rRNA sequencing on a PacBio Revio platform. Bioinformatics analyses used QIIME 2 for diversity metrics, ANCOM-BC2 for differential abundance (adjusting for age, sex, and HIV status), and PICRUSt2 for functional predictions. Oral HPV prevalence was higher and more diverse in HIV-positive individuals. Alpha diversity showed greater Chao1 richness (β = 455.9, p = 0.050) and Shannon diversity (β = 1.53, p = 0.033) in HIV-negative/HPV-positive individuals, suggesting microbial expansion. Beta diversity showed no significant community-wide differences. Taxonomic richness was highest in HIV-positive/HPV-positive individuals, with enrichment of low-abundance phyla (Spirochaetota, Mycoplasmatota). Bacillota dominated overall, while Bacteroidota increased in HIV-negative/HPV-positive samples. HIV status modified HPV-related microbial shifts: HIV-positive/HPV-positive individuals showed moderate changes (e.g., enriched Nanoperiomorbus, depleted Aggregatibacter), whereas HIV-negative/HPV-positive individuals showed stronger effects (e.g., enriched Nanosynbacter, depleted Moryella). Functional predictions revealed nominal shifts, including enrichment of CRISPR-associated systems and polysaccharide degradation enzymes and depletion of nucleotide metabolism pathways. These findings highlight the context-dependent oral microbiome response to HPV infection and potential biomarkers for HPV-related oral pathologies. Keywords: HPV, 16s rRNA Metagenomics, Oral microbiome, Oral HPV in Nigeria Word Count: 275Item Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Mowe Ibafo, Ogun State, Nigeria(Lead City University Ibadan, 2025-12) Adenike Onaolapo FASANMIGroundwater remains the primary source of drinking water for many communities in Nigeria, including the rapidly urbanizing Mowe Ibafo corridor in Ogun State. With increasing population growth and urban development, concerns about the safety and sustainability of groundwater resources have become more pressing. This study was conducted to assess the physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal concentrations of groundwater in the Mowe Ibafo area, with a view to determining its suitability for domestic and drinking purposes. Water samples were collected from selected boreholes and wells across six different streets in the study area. Laboratory analyses were carried out to determine key physicochemical parameters such as pH, temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total hardness. Heavy metals, including lead (Pb), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), were also analyzed using standard methods. The results obtained were compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) guidelines. However, heavy metal analysis revealed elevated levels of iron and lead in some sampling points, which pose potential health risks such as neurological disorders, anemia, and other long-term health issues. The presence of these contaminants is attributed to both natural geological factors and anthropogenic activities such as indiscriminate waste disposal and possible industrial discharges. This study underscores the urgent need for regular monitoring of groundwater quality in Mowe Ibafo, public sensitization on potential risks, and the implementation of appropriate water treatment and management strategies to ensure safe and sustainable water supply for the growing population. Keywords: Groundwater Quality, Mowe Ibafo, Physicochemical Parameters, Heavy Metals, Water Pollution, Public Health, Nigeria. Word Count: 249 wordsItem Bioaccumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) in Water and Aquatic Organisms in Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria(Lead City University Ibadan, 2025-12) Bisola Muinat FALEYEPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants that cause global concern due to their toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. This study examined the amounts of sixteen key PAHs in water and selected aquatic species (fish, crabs, and shrimp) from Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria, to determine the level of pollution, bioaccumulation, and potential health hazards. Samples were obtained from three lagoon sites with significant anthropogenic effect and compared to a selected control site beyond the direct impact zone. Standard techniques were used in laboratory analyses, and quantities were quantified before being analyzed statistically and for health risks. The results showed that all sixteen PAHs were detected in lagoon samples, but the control location had only insignificant or trace levels. Concentrations in water varied from 0.05 mg/kg for acenaphthylene to 18.89 mg/kg for benzo[g,h,i]perylene. Fish had the highest values of 17.86 mg/kg, crabs 17.23 mg/kg, and shrimp 16.45 mg/kg, with carcinogenic high molecular weight PAHs such as benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene dominating across all matrices. The predominance of these chemicals clearly suggested pyrogenic inputs from fuel burning and industrial activity, with further contributions from petroleum waste. The health risk evaluation revealed that the hazard quotient (HQ) for numerous PAHs exceeded unity, indicating the possibility of non-carcinogenic consequences from seafood consumption. This research fills critical gaps in understanding trends and sources apportioment and it also addresses linking water and biota contamination levels with potential human risks. Comparisons with previous research in Nigeria and internationally revealed that PAH concentrations in Lagos Lagoon are much greater, indicating the cumulative influence of urbanization, petroleum activities, and inadequate waste management. This study offers baseline data on PAHs in Lagos Lagoon and advances understanding by establishing the amount of bioaccumulation in several aquatic species. The findings highlight the critical need for regulatory interventions, enhanced pollution control, and additional research into remediation solutions to maintain ecosystem integrity and human health. Keywords: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Lagos Lagoon, aquatic organisms, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessment Word Count: 289 wordsItem In-vitro Phytochemical and Antibacterial Comparative Evaluation of Ocimum gratissimum and Moringa Oleifera leaves on some Enteric Bacteria(Lead City University Ibadan, 2025-12) Oluseyi Oluyemisi ELATUROTIThe increasing resistance of some enteric bacteria to antibiotics has necessitated the need for non-conventional medicine against them. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of Ocimum gratissimum (scent leaf) and Moringa oleifera leaf extracts against clinical isolates, comparing their efficacy with standard antibiotics. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenols, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids in varying concentrations, with methanol and aqueous extracts showing the highest yields. Quantitative analysis indicated that phenols and glycosides were predominant, particularly in methanol and aqueous extracts. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was tested on some enteric bacteria using different solvent fractions (Methanol, N- Hexane, Chloroform, And Aqeous) at concentrations ranging from 5– 25 µg/mL. Results showed that methanol and aqueous extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones comparable to or greater than some conventional antibiotics (Amoxicillin, Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone and Ceftazidime). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using agar well diffusion methods. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were also determined. Phytochemical analysis revealed a higher concentration of phenols and glycosides in both plants, with methanol and water extracts showing the highest total bioactive content. Methanol extracts of M. oleifera exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity (overall mean: 11.92 ± 0.36 cfu/mL), compared to O. gratissimum (15.62 ± 0.59 cfu/mL). Additionally, n-hexane and chloroform extracts of M. oleifera demonstrated superior potency with mean inhibition values of 7.00 ± 0.32 cfu/mL and 10.85 ± 0.42 cfu/mL, respectively. In contrast, water extracts of O.gratissimum showed the highest activity (17.27 ± 0.80 cfu/mL), outperforming M. oleifera (14.56 ± 0.70 cfu/mL). MIC and MBC values supported these results. The overall susceptibility of bacterial isolates to plant extracts was 77.5 %, surpassing the 64.0 % susceptibility recorded for standard antibiotics. These suggest that O. gratissimum and M. oleifera may possess bioactive compounds with promising antibacterial properties. Keywords: Moringa oleifera, Ocimum gratissimum, phytochemical, antibacterial effect, enteric bacteria Word Count: 293Item Microbial and Physicochemical Characterization of Effluent and Waste Water around a Detergent Manufacturing Complex in Ibadan, Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Tayo Elijah EGBEDEYIIndustrialization has contributed immensely to economic growth, urban development, and improved standards of living across the world. The detergent manufacturing industry is one of the most polluting industrial sectors due to its high chemical input, complex production processes, and generation of large volumes of wastewater. The aim of this study is to characterize the microbial and molecular profile of effluent, workers wash water, and receiving surface water from a detergent manufacturing complex in Ibadan, Nigeria. Effluent and wastewater samples were collected from three distinct sites associated with the detergent manufacturing complex. Physicochemical parameters were measured and Microbial characterization involved both cultural and molecular techniques were carried out. The results of this study demonstrated that effluents and wastewater discharged from the detergent manufacturing complex in Ibadan are heavily polluted, with significant deviations from recommended physicochemical standards and a high microbial burden dominated by coliform bacteria. The predominance of Bacillus spp. (33 %), Staphylococcus sp. (15 %), Klebsiella spp. (3.0 %), and Escherichia coli. (6.1 %) among isolates is consistent with previous reports of the presence of microbial contamination in industrial effluents. Physicochemical analyses confirmed that the effluent was not compliant with World Health Organization (WHO) standards, particularly with respect to pH, BOD, COD, and nutrient load. Out of the three isolates tested, blaCTX-M, was detected in 2 (66.7 %) of the isolates, indicating a moderate prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers in the sampled environment. The SUL1 gene, was identified in all isolates (100 %), suggesting widespread dissemination of sulfonamide resistance within effluent-associated bacteria. Overall, the study highlights the urgent need for stricter regulatory enforcement, improved effluent treatment technologies, and continuous monitoring of industrial wastewater. Keywords: Effluents, Industrial discharge. Microorganisms, Ibadan, Pollutants, Contaminants Word Count: 269Item Ecology and Molecular Characterization of Snail Intermediate Hosts of Schistosomiasis in the Endemic Area of Ibadan, Southwestern, Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Azeez KOLAWOLEFreshwater snails are critical intermediate hosts for schistosomes, the parasitic trematodes of schistosomiasis. This study investigated the ecology, infection prevalence, and molecular identification of snail vectors in three rivers within Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, a known schistosomiasis-endemic region. This study was conducted in nine-month period covering both dry and wet seasons, 2,284 snails were collected and identified. Bulinus globosus was the most abundant species (41.8%, n=956), followed by Biomphalaria pfeifferi (22.2%, n=509), Melanoides tuberculata (18.6%, n=425), and Physa acuta. (17.2%, n=395).A key finding was the strikingly high prevalence of schistosome infection in the primary vector species. Among B. globosus, 26.8% (256/956) were shedding cercariae, with a mean intensity of 1.19. For B. pfeifferi, 16.5% (84/509) were infected, with a mean intensity of 1.21. Melanoides tuberculata showed no infection (0%), but the highest mean intensity of 2.08 cercariae per infected snail. Snail abundance exhibited strong seasonal variation, with significantly higher densities recorded in the dry season (n=1,282) compared to the wet season (n=938), attributed to habitat concentration and stability. Water physicochemical analysis revealed that several parameters, including pH, chloride concentration, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), were negatively correlated with snail diversity and richness, highlighting the role of environmental factors in shaping vector populations. Molecular characterization using mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed the identity of key species, including B. globosus and B. pfeifferi, with 99-100% identity matches on NCBI BLAST. This molecular validation is crucial for accurate vector surveillance. The study therefore emphasize high-risk transmission hotspots for both urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis, driven by the high abundance and infection rates of B. globosus and B. pfeifferi. These findings underscore the urgent need for integrated, seasonally-tailored control strategies combining mollusciciding, environmental management, improved sanitation, and community education to disrupt transmission and reduce the schistosomiasis burden in these communities. Keywords: Freshwater snails, Schistosomiasis, physico-chemical, Cercariae, Molecular Word count: 298 wordsItem Molecular Characterization and Comparative Evaluation of the Microbiological, Sensory Characterization of Spontaneously, Mono and Coculture Fermented Soursop Beverages(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Olatunji Abiodun AYODELESoursop is a nutrient-dense tropical fruit rich in bioactive compounds, with prebiotic characteristics yet its commercial potential is limited because of short shelf life and underutilization. This study aimed at developing fermented soursop beverage using selected starter cultures regarded as safe among microbes indigenous to the fruit in mono and mixed- cultures under controlled environmental condition in order to expand its usefulness to human. Microbial and nutritional value of spontaneously fermented soursop juice was done at 24- hour interval for 120 hours using standard methods. Among isolated microbes were Kurtzmaniella quercitrusa and Leuconostoc mesenteroides that met starter attributes and were used for fermentation of the extracted juice from fruit. Nutritional value of recovered beverages was compared with that of spontaneously fermented juice and sensory evaluation was conducted on starter fermented beverages using a 5-point hedonic scale to measure general acceptability. Peak microbial count was at 48 and 72 hours. Significant differences were observed on some parameters tested among recovered beverage and controls, specifically in crude proteins, vitamins, Zinc and Magnesium contents with co-cultured fermentation beverage having the best attributes and being more acceptable. All starter fermented beverages had considerably improved aroma, titratable acidity, lactic acid and\ ethanol contents also increased to acceptable level, so also mineral contents. Findings confirmed the effectiveness of mixed-culture fermentation in enhancing the nutritional stability, palatability, and functional quality of fermented foods. Resulting beverage shows potential as a probiotic-rich non-dairy beverage suitable for health-conscious consumers and those with lactose intolerance. Keywords: Soursop, Starter, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Kurtzmaniella quercitrusa, Functional beverage, Sensory evaluation. Word Count: 242Item Molecular Characterization of Fungi Associated with Senecio biafrae (Oliv. & Hiern) in Ibadan Metropolis(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Helen Kehinde, ADEMUYIWASenecio biafrae, an indigenous green leafy vegetable notable for its nutritional, medicinal and economic potentials. Molecular characterization of fungi associated with Senecio biafrae in Ibadan metropolis was carried out using fresh samples collected from retailers in four markets. Portions from the samples were cut and surface sterilized in 1% Sodium hydrochloride for 1 minute, rinsed in sterile distilled water, and dried on sterile filter paper. The samples were plated on Potato Dextrose Agar and observed for fungal growth. Pure cultures were obtained by repeated subculturing, while identification was done macroscopically and microscopically. Pathogenicity tests of the fungal isolates were carried out on healthy leaves of Senecio biafrae. DNA was extracted from the unidentified fungal pure cultures using Quick-DNA Fungal/Bacterial MiniPrep TM Kit, PCR was done using universal primer pair; ITS1 and ITS4, while Sequencing was carried out using National Centre for Biotechnology Information database. Furthermore, Aflatoxin content of the Aspergillus spp isolated from the vegetable was carried out using ELISA method. Molecular identification and characterization through DNA sequencing validated the morphological identifications of the six fungal isolates (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus, Penicillium oxalicum, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus tamarii, and Mucor irregularis). Aspergillus niger had highest percentage of occurrence 13(31.71%), followed by Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus 11(26.83%), then, Penicillium oxalicum 8(19.51.%), and the least occurring were Aspergillus fumigatus 3(7.32%), Aspergillus tamarii 3(7.32%), and Mucor irregularis 3(7.32%). Pathogenicity test revealed that the fungal isolates were pathogenic because diseases were reproduced on healthy vegetable samples. The Aflatoxin content in the samples was lesser than the acceptable limit of 10μg/kg ranging from 6.8 ppb (Oje market) to 0.2ppb (Mapo market). The presence of fungi and positive aflatoxin contamination on the vegetable indicate accumulation of nutrient that enhance fungal growth, suggesting the need for awareness campaigns that encourages safe handling and hygienic storage practices to reduce health hazards. Keywords: Senecio biafrae, Molecular characterization, Aflatoxin, Pathogenicity, Health hazard Word Count: 300Item Biosynthesis and Characterization of Microbial Exopolysaccharide for Cosmeceutical Application(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Sakirat Yetunde ABODERINExopolysaccharides (EPS) are high-molecular-weight biopolymers secreted by microorganisms into their extracellular environment. Among the most well-known producers of EPS are species of yeast, bacteria, and fungi. The aim of this study is to isolate, optimize, and evaluate application of microbial exopolysaccharides (EPS) in formulation of a clarifying skin gel from microbial strains obtained from naturally fermented grape samples, soursop, maize gruel, locust beans and palm wine. Grape samples were obtained from three major markets in Ibadan: Oje, Challenge, Molete, Locust beans samples were obtained from Challenge, Felele, Orita Challenge, while maize gruel samples were collected from Soka, Challenge, and Orita challenge areas and soursop samples were obtained from Oje, Palm wine samples were obtained from Tollgate. Samples were fermented for 24 hours and cultured on Nutrient broth, Yeast Extract Potatoes Dextrose broth to reduce microbiological load and allow the growth of the discrete colonies. Isolates that exhibited mucoid colonies were incubated for 15 days at room temperature. After incubation, the culture was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 30 minutes, and the supernatant was carefully decanted into a sterile tube. Macroscopic observation was done on selected EPS producers and microscopic examination was conducted along with molecular identification using FTIR. Quantitative analysis revealed significant variability in EPS yield across samples. Isolates G1, G2, H2, from soursop and grape showed higher yields (e.g., G1 = 9.1 and G2 = 7.1), highlighting their superior production capacity. Additionally, palmwine samples (YEG PW1) showed moderate EPS production, which aligns with reports on EPS-producing microbes isolated from fermented foods. Optimization experiments identified G1 as the most promising isolate. Under different sugar sources (fructose, sucrose, glucose, galactose) and temperature ranges (25–35 °C), EPS production varied significantly. The highest yield was recorded at 8.9 g/L under 6 % glucose at 30 °C, demonstrating that substrate type and concentration, along with environmental factors, critically influence EPS synthesis. Key Words: Exopolysaccharides, microbial, optimization experiments, fermented foods Word Count: 300Item Isolation and Characterization of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria from Pig Farms in Ibadan: One Health Approach(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Adeyemi Samson ABEEBAntibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the antibiotics that could treat infections caused by these bacteria. The unregulated use of antibiotics contributes to the development and dissemination of MDR bacteria. Pig farms are critical in the food production chain, yet they are also potential reservoirs for multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria isolated from samples collected on pig farms in Ibadan, utilizing the One Health approach to understand the prevalence, resistance profiles, and potential transmission pathways of these bacteria. Samples of fecal, soil, water and hand swab of the workers were collected from three pig farms in Ibadan. The analysis of the 38 samples revealed a total of 42 isolates with relatively high prevalence of both S. aureus (66%) and E. coli (50%) across various sources. The prevalence trends across sample types revealed fecal samples as the dominant source of both bacteria, particularly from farms in Ibadan North West and Egbeda local Government areas in Oyo State. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing in our study revealed high levels of resistance among both S. aureus and E. coli isolates. Notably, several isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR), with Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index values ranging from 0.3 to 0.9. MAR indices above 0.2 typically indicate high-risk sources of contamination where antibiotics are frequently used. There was also the presence of resistance genes such as bla, mecA, and qac from the isolates which were sampled. The findings of this study show the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in both animal and environmental samples. The observed resistance patterns, particularly in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, have implications for public health, animal welfare, and environmental sustainability. Keywords: Pig farms, Multi drug resistant bacteria, antimicrobial resistance, Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index Word Count: 290Item Role of SLC6A4 Gene in Serotonin Levels, Gonadocorticoids and Inflammation on the Severity of Depression in Patients from Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Obianuju Ibifuro OJIKAHDepression is a complex disorder influenced by genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. Sex, age-related differences alongside lifestyle choices play a a dynamic role in the concurrence of depression and its severity in men and women. The SLC6A4 gene, responsible for serotonin transporter regulation, has been implicated in depression. However, the relationship between SLC6A4 gene variants, serotonin levels, gonadocorticoids, inflammation, and depression severity in Nigerian patients remains unexplored. This study investigated the association between gene- environmental factors, serum serotonin, IL-6 and gonadocorticoids levels on depression severity in Nigerian patients. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Federal Ministry of Health with approval number: NHREC/01/01/2007-01/09/2024. A case-control study was conducted, 164 participants, 73 with depression and 91 healthy controls were recruited. 10 mls of blood samples were collected from all participants, After consent was given, two questionnaires were issued and enrolment characteristics were recorded. qPCR genotyping of SLC6A4 gene variants, rs6354 and rs8076005, serum serotonin and IL-6 were estimated by ELISA kits. Progesterone, testosterone and estrogen were quantified with CLIA microparicles kits. The results show that SLC6A4 long or short alleles were not present in this population. rs6354 played a role in severe depression (p=0.035). Significantly levels of reduced serum serotonin levels (p= <0.001) and testosterone (p=0.024) in the cases, compared to controls. Males testosterone levels was significantly increased in severe depression (p= 0.033). Both rs8076005 and rs634 the recessive homozygous alleles were risk factors for low serotonin levels (p= <0.001). Il-6 levels showed protective traits in women who were diagnosed with depression (p= 0.048). Employment and alcohol consumption were also found to protect against odds of depression occurrence. Lifestyle choices such as smoking, and number of children or lack of, did not show any noticeable associations to depression, neither did progesterone or oestrogen. This study provides evidence for the role of lifestyle, SLC6A4 gene in modulating serotonin levels, as well as hormonal factors, which contribute to the severity of depression in men and women in Nigeria. This study highlights the complex interplay between biological factors in depression and underscores the need for personalized treatment approaches. The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying depression and have implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Keywords: Depression, Polymophism, Serotonin, Inflammation, Gonadocorticiods, Nigeria. Word Count: 368 wordsItem Microplastic and Phthalate Esters Occurrences in Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus Obtained from Lagos and Epe Lagoons(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Nkechinyere Veronica OTU-EKUMAMicroplastics are increasingly found in aquatic environments, yet data on their distribution and effects in Nigeria’s lagoons remain limited. This study assessed the occurrence of microplastics and phthalate esters in two commercially important fish species (Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus) and heavy metals in surface and benthic waters from Makoko, Ikorodu, and Epe. Sampling occurred during four seasonal cycles (March, May, August, and November). Microplastics were isolated by density separation and identified via FTIR; phthalates were analyzed using GC-MS, and heavy metals analysed using standard method. The study recorded widespread contamination in all sample types and sites, with seasonal and spatial variations. Microplastic counts in Oreochromis niloticus ranged from 8.7±2.3 particles/fish (Epe, August) to 22.3±5.7 (Makoko, November), and in Clarias gariepinus from 7.6±1.9 (Epe, August) to 19.4±4.8 (Makoko, November). Fibers made up 58%, fragments 35%, films 5%, and pellets 2% of total particles. The most abundant polymers were PE (42%), PP (26%), PS (17%), and PET (15%), indicating mixed urban and household plastic sources. Phthalate esters occurred in all fish tissue samples, showing seasonal and spatial variation. The highest concentration (55.0 ± 5.4 mg/kg) was observed in C. gariepinus from Ikorodu in March, and the lowest (28.7 ± 3.2 mg/kg) in August, while Oreochromis niloticus from Makoko contained 49.3±4.1 mg/kg. Diethyl phthalate (DEP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the most abundant esters detected. Heavy metal concentrations exceeded WHO limits in all water samples. Notably, in November, Pb in Makoko benthic water reached 6.77mg/L, Ni 14.66 mg/L, Cd 2.84 mg/L, Cr 3.15 mg/L, and Cu 2.61 mg/L. Seasonal variations were evident across parameters: for instance, Pb in surface water at Ikorodu declined from 3.74 mg/L in May to 1.21 mg/L in August before rising again to 4.68mg/L in November. Similar seasonal trends were observed for Ni, Cd, Cr, and Cu, reflecting the influence of rainfall, mixing, and anthropogenic inputs. Morphometric analysis showed clear spatial and seasonal differences in Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus. Epe consistently recorded the largest specimens, with O. niloticus reaching a mean standard length of 13.80 ± 1.56 cm and weight of 175.00 ± 31.31g in November, while Makoko recorded the smallest (13.00 ± 1.12 cm; 155.00 ± 33.54g). For C. gariepinus, Epe weights peaked at 390.00 ± 78.26 g, compared to 350.00 ± 67.08 g at Makoko. Physicochemical parameters varied seasonally; for example, dissolved oxygen was highest in August (6.24 mg/L surface water at Epe) during peak rainfall, while conductivity and TDS were elevated in March and November, with benthic conductivity reaching 329.50 µS/cm at Makoko. Turbidity also peaked in November, with surface water values up to 42.40 NTU at Ikorodu, reflecting increased runoff and anthropogenic input.These findings demonstrate that microplastics, phthalates, and heavy metals co-occur at ecologically concerning levels in Lagos and Epe lagoons, with site- and season-specific patterns. Targeted interventions—particularly improved waste management, focused monitoring in high risk areas such as Makoko, and seasonal pollution control—are essential to safeguard aquatic ecosystems and food security. Keywords: Microplastic, Phthalate, Heavy Metals, Pollution, Aquatic Ecosystems Word Count: 457Item Epidemiological Surveillance of HBV and HEV among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal in Selected Hospitals in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Ibukun Akinwumi AKINDELEHepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in pregnancy is associated with potential viral transmission from mother to newborn which often makes the newborn a chronic carrier of HBV. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection causes acute viral hepatitis with high mortality rate among pregnant women. The overlap of HBV and HEV can have more adverse effects which frequently leads to severe complications and poor outcomes in pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence rate of HBV and HEV infections among pregnant women attending antenatal in selected hospitals in Ibadan. A total of 297 pregnant women attending Adeoyo Maternity Teaching Hospital and Akinyele Primary Health Centre, Ibadan were enrolled into the study. From each participant, 5ml of blood was collected and Alanineaminotransferase (ALT) was measured. The plasma samples were screened for HBV serological markers (HBsAg, HBsAb, HBeAg, HBeAb, HBcAb) and HEV antibodies (IgM and IgG) using ELISA assays. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Significance level set at P<0.05. Samples with serological evidence of HBV infection were screened for HBV DNA using the Real time-PCR technique. Samples positive for HBV DNA were subjected to genome sequencing. The seroprevalence of HBsAg was 7.4%, HBsAb (12.1%), HBeAg (0.7%), HBeAb (6.7%) and HBcAb (7.1%). Thirty (10.1%) women tested positive for anti-HEV IgG while none had detectable anti-HEV IgM. HBV-DNA prevalence was 21/22(95.0%). No significant relationship was identified among HBV and HEV seropositivity in the pregnant women in terms of age, trimester, source of water supply, education, animal contact, previous history of Jaundice, previous histories of blood transfusion and previous surgical operation. HBV and HEV IgG co-positivity rate of 1.7% was observed, with significantly high HBV prevalence among pregnant women with elevated ALT level compared with those with normal ALT level. Following molecular characterization of the HBV gene, the viral isolate was genotype E, typical of the dominant HBV genotype in Nigeria; which maintains susceptibility to current antiviral drugs and also shows low-frequency mutations and polymorphisms which were not considered to have a significant effect on immune escape for genotype E within the study population. There was high prevalence of HBV infection among pregnant women which could increase risk of mother-to-child transmission. Also, a limited number of pregnant women with increased infectivity with HBV had high viral load which may lead to increase maternal and childbirth morbidity and mortality. Hence, the need to increase access to vaccination in pregnant women. Similarly, a significant number of pregnant women had been previously exposed to HEV, demonstrating the endemicity of HEV infection in Ibadan, warranting the need to intensify personal hygiene enlightenment campaigns. Keywords: Pregnancy, HBsAg, HEV IgM, HEV IgG, ALT Word Count: 425Item Effects of Micronutrient Supplementation on Patients with Drug-Sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Genetic Identification of Multi-Drug- Resistant Strains in Ibadan, Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Ekundayo Joseph OWOLABIDrug-resistant tuberculosis has been implicated in about 13% of all antimicrobial resistance deaths all over the world. Limited studies have been able to report the genomic characterisation of the multi-drug resistant (MDR) strain of M. tuberculosis in Nigeria. Undernutrition is a factor implicated as a cause of immune deficiency in most tuberculosis (TB) patients. The effects of micronutrients as adjuvant therapy in the management of tuberculosis have not been well documented in Nigerian TB patients. This study was designed to investigate the possible influence of zinc, selenium and iron supplements on TB patients undergoing intensive anti-TB therapy and also compare the genomic sequence of MDR TB with drug-sensitive Tubercle bacilli. One hundred newly diagnosed patients with drug-sensitive (DS) M. tuberculosis patients were recruited after the screening of sputum at the molecular level. Ten MDR positive M. tuberculosis and twenty-five normal individuals (controls) who were mycobacterium negative screened by Genxpert at Jericho Chest Government Hospital, Ibadan also participated in this study. The 100 drug-sensitive positive M. tuberculosis patients were classified into 4; groups 1-3 had anti-TB drugs plus iron, selenium or zinc supplementation, while group 4 had anti-TB drugs only. Baseline and 2 months post-treatment weights were measured, and blood samples were collected. MDR TB and DS sputum samples were used for the culture and genomic characterisation of M. tuberculosis. Results showed that baseline weights were significantly (p<0.05) lower when compared with the controls. After two months, patients on iron and selenium supplementation showed a significant increase in weight compared to the baseline values. Baseline levels of ferritin, IgG, C3, CRP, and D-dimer were significantly (p<0.05) higher, while levels of Hb, iron, selenium, zinc, and albumin were significantly (p<0.05) lower compared with controls. However, patients on Fe, Se and Zn supplementation had significantly higher levels after 2 months of treatment. This study identified the rpoB gene and KatG gene in MDR strains of M. tuberculosis. The phylogenetic analysis showed that some drug-sensitive and drug-resistant positive TB had clusters of both M. tuberculosis and M. bovis. It could be concluded that M. bovis shared similar clusters with M. tuberculosis probably due to a gene mutation that could accounts for drug resistance in MDR-TB. It may be necessary to consistently conduct a phylogenetic analysis of samples to identify which samples have a cluster common to MTB and M. bovis. This could help in reducing MDR-TB infection and possibly decrease the number of deaths. Consumption of micronutrients seems to have have effects on D-dimer, C- v reactive protein, complement factor-3, iron, ferritin and albumin, possibly by enhancing metabolic activities, reducing inflammation, preventing iron deficiency anaemia, reducing intravascular coagulation, and modulating immune response of patients to infection. Keywords: DNA sequencing, Immune system, Micronutrients, Multi-drug resistance, Tuberculosis-infection. Word Count: 429
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