Department of Biological Sciences

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Identification of Pathogenic and Multidrug Resistant Bacteria in Some Selected Fruits from Major Fruit Markets in Ibadan
(Lead City University, 2022-12) Abiye Oluwatosin ADENIJI
Multidrug resistance has been a great concern to human health. The occurrence of multidrug resistance among fruit pathogens has unfortunately increased during recent year. Hawking of whole fruit that has been divided into portions (fractional fruits) is very common in Ibadan metropolis and this practise exposes fruits to more microbial colonization. Also, to keep the fruits from spoilage, they are subjected to different preservative treatment, thereby subjecting the microbes on the fruit to challenging environment that may elucidate acquisition of new genes. Eighteen fruit samples of pawpaw(6), watermelon(6) and pineapple(6) hawked in fractions were purchased in order to enumerate mesophilic bacteria in them using standard methods. Heavy metal analysis was also carried out on the fruit using dry digestion method. The isolated bacteria were identified by their colonial, morphological and biochemical characteristics. Pathogens among these bacteria isolates were selected using based on their haemolysis on blood agar medium and the antibiotic suspectibility of the pathogens were determined by kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar medium. Heavy metal in all fruit samples was less than permitted limit and within the reference range with the exception of Lead which is greater than reference range. Based on methods used, thirty six bacteria strains were obtained and identified as Staphylococcus cerus, Streptococcus spp., Bacillus substilis Pseudomonas spp, Salmonella spp, Bacillus cerus Hemolysis test 14 strains to be pathogenic, eight of them where resistant common antibiotics used. However two strains of Bacillus cereus were highly multidrug resistant among all the strains obtained. Bacillus cereus is a food borne pathogen, capable of secreting toxins in human system, this result calls for serious public health concern. Keywords:Fruits, Haemolysis, Antibiotic Resistance, Fractionated Fruits, Ibadan, Bacillus cereus Word Count: 280
Nutritional Content and Bio-Degradation of Sweet Corn Leaves Using Edible Fungi (Pleurotus pulmonarius)
(Lead City University, 2022-12) Adenike Abiola SHOSANYA
The need to feed ever-increasing human population created awareness for increased agricultural production thus leading to increased agricultural waste generation. These wastes generated in many developing countries are not properly managed, utilized or under - utilized which constitute serious health threat to human and animals in the environment through environmental pollution resulting into environmental hazards. Agro wastes are rich in nutrient composition such as protein, minerals; consequently they ought to be considered as “raw material” instead of “waste”. Using them as raw materials can help to recycle waste and make the environment eco –friendly through solid state fermentation (SSF) which produces secondary metabolites and essential enzymes and serves as potential substrate to produce value – added products. Biological degradation for both economic and ecological reasons has become the popular alternative for the treatment of agro wastes .Wastes from agricultural residues are used as bioremediation agents, biofuel and bio - control agents through microbial processing which has brought tremendous benefit to agricultural management and eco - system. This study determined the phytochemicals, minerals and vitamins present in sweetcorn leaves and the effect of biodegradation on the leaves. Sweetcorn leaves were collected, dried and milled .Crude protein analysis was carried out on the milled sample using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) procedure. The crude protein value was 40.82% while the crude fiber was 25.1. The fungi (Pleurotus plumonarious) was introduced into the specimen bottle and kept in the incubator at room temperature for 7, 14, 21 and 40 days, the result was recorded Keywords; Agro waste, Solid state fermentation, Substrate, Ecosystem, Biological degradation, Bioremediation, Metabolites. Word count ; 248
Phytochemical determination and in vitro assessment of antibacterial activities of Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook) against some bacteria associated with urinary tract infection
(Lead City University, 2022-12) Adenike D. Adeleke
Antibiotic resistance and the side effects of synthetic medicines have led to more people using plant materials to treat a wide range of illnesses. In this study, the antibacterial activity of leaves and bark of Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook). The content's qualitative and quantitative aspects were evaluated. The effects of leaf and bark extracts of this plant on human pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, and Acinetobacter nosocomialis were examined in vitro with methanol, ethanol, hexane, and distilled water. Agar well diffusion technique was employed throughout the experimentation. It was found that the ethanolic extracts of the leaves had the most inhibitory impact on the test microorganisms of all the extractants. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of each extract was determined. Concentrations of 59.16 mg/ml, 39.33 mg/ml, 29.5 mg/ml, and 23.6 mg/ml, both sample ethanol extracts were effective against all tested bacterial isolates, except for Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at doses of 39.41mg/ml and 59.16mg/ml, respectively, neither the ethanol nor the methanol extracts of the leaf nor the bark were reactive against any of the test microorganisms. Ciprofloxacin (20mm), Pefloxacin (20mm), Rocephin (14mm), all suppressed Proteus mirabilis (12mm) The qualitative screening of both the leaf and the bark showed substantial presence of photochemical samples. With the quantitative showing tannins (0.48) having the highest concentration in n- hexane and terpenoids (0.458). Bark was 86% effective against all isolates except P.mirabilis and A.nosocomialis, whereas leaf was 20% effective against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, making it bacteriostatic (75%). Phytochemical screening helps uncover bioactive molecules that may be used to make successful drugs. This study will aid in the development of quality, purity, and sample standards for the Delonix regia plant, which was discovered to have a number of phytochemicals with antibacterial properties. Keywords: Delonix regia, Antibiotic Resistance, Antimicrobial Activity, Phytochemical Screening Word Count: 300 words
Phytochemical determination and in vitro assessment of antibacterial activities of Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook) against some bacteria associated with urinary tract infection
(Lead City University, 2022-12) Adenike D. Adeleke
Antibiotic resistance and the side effects of synthetic medicines have led to more people using plant materials to treat a wide range of illnesses. In this study, the antibacterial activity of leaves and bark of Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook). The content's qualitative and quantitative aspects were evaluated. The effects of leaf and bark extracts of this plant on human pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, and Acinetobacter nosocomialis were examined in vitro with methanol, ethanol, hexane, and distilled water. Agar well diffusion technique was employed throughout the experimentation. It was found that the ethanolic extracts of the leaves had the most inhibitory impact on the test microorganisms of all the extractants. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of each extract was determined. Concentrations of 59.16 mg/ml, 39.33 mg/ml, 29.5 mg/ml, and 23.6 mg/ml, both sample ethanol extracts were effective against all tested bacterial isolates, except for Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at doses of 39.41mg/ml and 59.16mg/ml, respectively, neither the ethanol nor the methanol extracts of the leaf nor the bark were reactive against any of the test microorganisms. Ciprofloxacin (20mm), Pefloxacin (20mm), Rocephin (14mm), all suppressed Proteus mirabilis (12mm) The qualitative screening of both the leaf and the bark showed substantial presence of photochemical samples. With the quantitative showing tannins (0.48) having the highest concentration in n-hexane and terpenoids (0.458). Bark was 86% effective against all isolates except P.mirabilis and A.nosocomialis, whereas leaf was 20% effective against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, making it bacteriostatic (75%). Phytochemical screening helps uncover bioactive molecules that may be used to make successful drugs. This study will aid in the development of quality, purity, and sample standards for the Delonix regia plant, which was discovered to have a number of phytochemicals with antibacterial properties. Keywords: Delonix regia, Antibiotic Resistance, Antimicrobial Activity, Phytochemical Screening Word Count: 300 words
Mesophilic Bacterial Isolates in Sludge and Waste water from Food Canteens in Tertiary Educational Institutions within Ibadan
(Lead City University, 2022-12) Bukola Marufat ADEYEMI EKEOLU
Microbiological safety of the environment around food canteens is of great importance as such environments could be potential sources of food-borne illnesses of epidemic proportions. Food canteens in and around tertiary educational institutions get a lot of patronage and this leads to the generation of a lot of waste water and development of sludge around their environments. The aim of this study is to determine the microbial profile of sludge and waste water generated by ``food canteens in selected tertiary institutions within Ibadan metropolis.36 samples of waste water, sludge and food were collected from three canteens in four tertiary educational institutions. Microbial isolation was carried out using Salmonella-Shigella, Eosine-methylene blue, Mannitol-Salt and Nutrient agars. Incubation was carried out for 24 hours at 37°C. Isolates obtained were subjected to biochemical characterization and molecular identification. Out of the 20 isolates obtained and identified, five were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, three Escherichia coli, three Proteus mirabilis, two Pectobacterium carotovorum, one Acinetobacter baumanni, two Bacillus species, one Enterobacter cloacae, one Providencia vermicola and one Enterococcus faecium. The result obtained shows that the waste water and sludge around the canteens as well as some of the foods sold contain potential pathogens. This appears to be from different potential sources which include raw food materials and fecal contamination. It is therefore of utmost importance to introduce treatment of wastewater to food canteen owners and also proper disposal method so that sludge formation around the canteens is reduced. This will help to reduce the risk of food borne illnesses among people patronising the canteens and subsequent spread to the entire community. Keywords: Food canteen, tertiary institutions, sludge, waste water, Ibadan Word count: 263 words
In vitro Antimicrobial, Qualitative, and Quan\itative Analysis of the Leaves of Azadirachta Indica and Morinda Lucida against selected Bacteria
(Lead City University, 2022-12) Musodeeq Oluwatosin. Bello
Micro-organism have developed resistance against various antibacterial drugs, and to overcome this alarming situation medicinal plants are studied as the possible alternatives for the currently used antibiotics. Aqeous, ethyl acetate, and ethanolic extracts from the dried leaves of Azadirachta indica and Morinda lucida were tested against seven clinically important pathogens that cause various infections. The extracts had varying levels of effectiveness, but performed well as broad spectrum potential antimicrobials as all of the strains gave a promising zone of inhibition against the plant extracts as measured in the diameter of the zone of inhibition. The results showed that ethyl acetate extracts had the most efficacy against the selected microorganisms with a 71% potency rate for Morinda lucida 86% potency rate for Azadirachta indica. Aqueous extracts of Morinda lucida had a 43% potency rate against the bacteria while a 71% potency rate was recorded for aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica. Ethanol extracts of the morinda lucida had a 14% potency rate, while ethanol extracts of Azadirachta indica had a 71% potency rate against the selected bacteria. Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of Morinda lucida and Azadiracta indica using different solvents as extracant in this work showed that the use of ethyl acetate as solvent a solvent of extraction give a better phyto- constituents against bacteria (gram positive & gram negative). Aqueous extract of the Azadiracta indica sample was 71% effective against the bacterial isolates. From this result, the presence of some phytoconstituents like chemicals like alkaloids, tannins, tannins, saponins, flavonoids and phenol in the sample, confers on the plant the antimicrobial properties. In the agreement with this report, they further submitted an independent report that antimicrobial potency of extract from these plant were traceable to the phytochemistry of their chemical constituents. Keywords: medicinal plants, Morinda lucida, extracts, ethyl acetate, potency, antibiotics. Word Count: 300 words.
Molecular Characterization of Fungi Producing Aflatoxin in Vigna subterranean (Bambara Groundnut) sold in Three Selected Markets in Enugu Metropolis
(Lead City University, 2022-12) Victoria Chiyaka, IWU
Humans require nutritious food to maintain a healthy diet. Toxic strains of Aspergillus species produces aflatoxins, which are carcinogenic in nature. Bambara groundnut (BG), Vigna subterranea is an underutilized crop used for a variety of delicacies. Consumption of food contaminated with aflatoxin (> 20 ppb) has been linked to death. The aim of this study is to identify the aflatoxin producing fungi in BG using Molecular method. Samples were purchased at five points from three selected markets: Abakpa; New main and Ogbete markets in Enugu Metropolis and transported in sterile polythene bags to the laboratory. Direct plating on Saboraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) with chloramphenicol to suppress bacterial growth was used to isolate fungus from BG samples. The plates were kept at room temperature for 48-72 hours before being examined. Repeated sub-culturing was used to create pure fungus cultures. Aflatoxin quantification of the BG samples was carried out, after which aflatoxigenic analysis of the isolates was conducted using molecular techniques. A total of seventy-seven fungi were isolated. The percentage frequency of occurrence includes Aspergillus flavus (32%), Culvulanaria (30%), Aspergillus niger (12%), Aspergillus fumigatus (6%), Penicillum spp. (5%), Colletotrichum spp. (4%), Rhizopus stolonifer (3%), Aspergillus orchaceous (3%) and Trichotothecium spp. (3%), Alternaria macrospora and Scolecosporae (1% each). The aflatoxin analysis showed that the samples from the three markets were contaminated with aflatoxin above the permissible dosage of 20 ppb, with the least been 69 ppb (Abakpa) and the highest been 80 ppb (Ogbete). 25 isolates were sequenced from which 14 were identified as Aspergillus flavus and screened for aflatoxigencity. All 14 isolates were positive for aflatoxin regulatory gene. The study showed that the BG samples were contaminated with aflatoxin which made them unsafe for human consumption, hence there is need to enhance the knowledge of risk associated with the consumption of BG. Keywords: Bambara groundnut, aflatoxin, PCR, Aspergillus, BLAST Word Count: 300
Identification and Molecular Characterization of Fungi Associated with Rotting Solanum lycopersicum Fruits Obtained from Certain Markets in Oyo and Osun State, Nigeria
(Lead City University, 2022-12) Suliat Adigun MUSTAPHA
Solanum lycopersicum is the second most important crop after potato across the globe. This important crop is however highly perishable and subjected to rot due to the effect of microorganism. Fungi has been described as the most destructive phytopathogens of Solanum lycopersicum which can appear symptomless on the crop and they have been attributed to 41% loss in Nigeria. The molecular characterization of fungi associated with Solanum lycopersicum fruits rot was studied in certain markets of Oyo and Osun state using two varieties namely; Royal and Cherry (Cerasiforme)and the objective of this study was to detect and identify molecular characterization of fungi responsible for Solanum lycopersicum fruits rot. Thirty-two rotting Solanum lycopersicum fruits were assigned to four groups with 8 samples in each group. Direct culture plate method was used to isolate fungi and the gDNA was analyzed using PCR, Sanger sequencing method and result was obtained using Blast on NCBI data base. The result from the Blast identified 6 different fungi from both varieties and the four locations. Geotrichum candidum and Rhizopus delemar were isolated from Eleekara market of Oyo state from both varieties with frequency of 4 out the 4 samples and a percentage of 18.2%. Aspergillus flavus and Pichia kudriavzevii were identified from Sasa market of Oyo state with the frequency of 4 out 4 samples and a percentage of 18.2%. Aspergillus niger and Penicillium citrinum were identified from Oluwo market of Osun state with frequency of 3 out of 4 samples and percentage of 13.6% for both. Special preventive methods like resistant cultivar, basic sanitary rules, sun drying and organic preservative to minimize Solanum lycopersicum fruits rots caused by fungal organism is very paramount. The storage of tomato should be done at a temperature and relative humidity that does not favour the growth of fungi. Keywords: Solanum lycopersicum, Blast, gDNA, PCR, Fungi Word Count: 297
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Pulmonary Tuberculosis among Antenatal Patients in Adeoyo Maternity Teaching Hospital Ibadan, Oyo State
(Lead City University, 2022-12) Theresa Olaitan OGUNDELE
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is a public health concern, World Health Organization declared tuberculosis as a public health emergency in 2005. The infection is a significant contributor to maternal mortality, spontaneous abortion, preterm labour, low birth weight and increased neonatal mortality. Tuberculosis is among the 3 leading causes of death in pregnancy among age 15-45 years in high burden areas (Nigeria). Diagnosis of tuberculosis in pregnancy may be challenging as the initial symptoms may be linked to the pregnancy, the normal weight gain in pregnancy may further make up for weight loss. 150 pregnant women attending ante natal clinic at Adeoyo Maternity Teaching Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State were screened for Mycobacterium tuberculosis using Lowenstein Jensen media for culture, slide microscopy using Ziehl Neelsen stain for Acid fast bacilli, and Molecular method using GeneXpert machine. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed on Lowenstein Jensen media using proportion method according to CLSI guidelines. The subjects were screened for diabetes using Randox reagent for glucose estimation alongside control and standard. HIV screening using combined kits of Determine and Unigold were also performed. Out of 150 respondents screened for diabetes, 7(4.7%) were diabetic, 150 clients were screened for HIV/AIDS, 2(1.3) were reactive, culture media results show 2(1.3%) yielded growth of MTB, 3(2.0%) grew bacilli, 2(1.3%) yielded growth of yeast cells. Slide microscopy results revealed that 2(1.3%) were AFB positive. Molecular detection of MTB (GeneXpert) showed that 7(4.7%) were positive (RIF resistant not detected). Antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed that the isolates were sensitive to the first line anti-tuberculosis drugs (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Ethambutol). The prevalence of tuberculosis in pregnancy was found to be 4.7% and the likely risk factors are Diabetes, HIV/AIDS and accommodation congestion. This calls for prompt and immediate forms of intervention. All the circulating strain isolated were sensitive to the first line Anti-TB drugs. Keywords: Microbacteria, GeneXpert, Acid Fast Bacilli, Tuberculosis, Antimicrobial susceptibility test, Lowenstein Jensen media Wordcount: 299
Detection and Characterization of Non-albicans Candida inClinical Isolates in Some Healthcare Facilities in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
(Lead City University, 2022-12) Oluwatosin A. ODUBUNMI
Candida species are causes of nosocomial fungal infections and are among the leading causes of hospital-acquired infections. Candida infections ranging from superficial infections to highly invasive Candidiasis are increasingly being associated with nosocomial infections. Bloodstream infections resulting from Candida pathogenic species have high mortality rates. It is considered a public health menace globally. Patient samples were collected and phenotypic identification of C.auris and other non-candida albicans was done by culture on Sabouraud Dextrose agar supplemented with Chloramphenical. Novel ChromagarTM Candida Plus was also used. GPI protein-encoding genes of the isolates were detected using PCR techniques and primers sequence specific for C. auris. A total of 90 Candida species were isolated from Adeoyo Maternity Teaching Hospital 42 (46.7%), Ring Road State Hospital 45 (50%) and University College Hospital 3 (3.3%). High vaginal swabs were 39 (43%), Pus/wound swab 31 (34.4%), Ear swabs 11 (12%), Sputum, Endocervical swabs and Urine 3 (3.3%) respectively. This report showed 38.9% (n=35) C.auris. Candida species detected were C. krusei, C.famata, C.glabrata and C.tropicalis. A wound swab had a mixed growth of C.tropicalis, C.famata and C.krusei. Resistance to fluconazole was detected in all of the isolates with minimum inhibitory concentration of 16μg/mL and 0.03μg/mL, making it a total resistance in this study. There is need for further analysis on the genes responsible for the resistance. Molecular analysis showed 27C.auris with 5.8S rDNA having a 134(bp). Keywords: Candida species, Non- albican candida, C.auris, Resistance, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) Word Count: 245
Honey Induced Expression of Glutathione-Encoding Genes (gshA and gshB) in Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(Lead City University, 2022-12) Oluwatobi A. ADENIJI
Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a commonly isolated pathogenic and multidrug resistant bacteria contains gshA and gshB genes also present in most Gram-negative bacteria. The genes encode enzymes involved in glutathione biosynthesis important in biofilm formation, bacteria virulence and stress protection. The expressions of these genes have been shown to increase in the presence of oxidative stress due to H2O2 as well as other hydroperoxides. Honey has been found to have antibacterial properties against a wide range of bacteria species and H2O2 is the major contributor to the antimicrobial activity of most honey types especially at 30%-50% dilution. This experimental study isolated and assessed the antibiotics and honey susceptibility of some Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from LTH Ogbomoso Nigeria. Investigation into their 16SrRNA for confirmation and assessment of the expression of the gshA and gshB genes in the presence of varying percentages (100%, 50% and 25%) of the sweet and bitter Nigerian Honey was done using Conventional and Real-time PCR. The presence and expression of these genes were detected in three out of the eight selected isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the controls(untreated), 50% and 25% honey dilutions and they showed down regulation of an average of 8.8 ±0.28 (25%) and 9.0 ±0.08 (50%) and 8.3±1.2(25%) and 7.0±0.5 (50%) fold decrease for gshA and gshB genes respectively in sweet honey, except in the 100% where they were not expressed. This study has been able to establish the presence of the glutathione producing genes gshA and gshB in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The expression of the genes mean that H2O2 present in honey is liable to deactivation by the production of glutathione. Glutathione genes should be considered as essential for the successful treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections signifying the importance of these genes in relation to honey therapy when used as an antibacterial agent. Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Gene Expression; gshA and gshB; Honey-resistance. Word Count - 300
Assessment of Mutation Pattern in a Gene Associated with HbF Expression among Sickle Cell Disease in Ibadan South-west, Nigeria
(Lead City University, 2022-12) Elizabeth Oluwatimilehin ABODUNRIN
This study aimed at assessing the level of Foetal Haemoglobin (HbF) in among Sickle Cell Patients in the Ibadan, determined the occurrence of the SNP(rs66650371) responsible for elevated HbF levels and investigated the relationship between the SNP type, HbF level and SCA severity in the SCD patients. Relationship between foetal haemoglobin and SCD is poorly studied. Hence, this study provides the data needed for future research on HbF variants among SCD patients and its severity. This is a cross-sectional hospital based study, blood samples were collected from the university college hospital and Adeoyo state hospital in Ibadan respectively. The socio-demographic information and SCD severity was evaluated from 260 SCD patients, based on the frequency of significant painful episodes, blood transfusion, acute chest symptoms and leg ulcers in the past one year. HbF and haematocrit levels were determined. Amplification Refractory-Mutation System (ARMS) PCR was performed to determine the 3-bp deletion in the HBS1L-MYb gene. The mean HbF levels of 260 patients is 4.9% ± 2.4, about 50% of the population had low HbF level, patients with elevated levels of HbF had increased PCV counts, reduced vaso-occlusive crises in a year, reduced acute chest syndromes and reduced leg ulcer. The allelic frequency of the rs66650371 is three percent. rs66650371 SNP was associated with elevated level of HbF and reduced disease severity, The study demonstrated the beneficial effect of the rs66650371 SNP in Nigerian patients. Facilities for early and regular quantification of foetal haemoglobin should be made available in Sickle cell Clinics and Hospitals. Keywords – Foetal Haemoglobin, Sickle Cell Disease (SCD), ARMS-PCR, rs66650371, SNP, vaso-occlusive, allelic frequency Word Count – 260
Characterization of Multidrug Resistant Bacterial Flora of Selected Locally Fermented Foods in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
(Lead City University, 2022-12) Kehinde Mary, AKINDE
Globally, locally fermented foods have been an important part of the human diet in every culture. In Nigeria, the fermentation process is spontaneous, driven by communities of uncharacterized microflora indigenous to the food substrate. Given the rise in antibiotics resistance, this research was aimed at assessing the antibiotic susceptibility of microroganisms in fermented gruels and condiments to make inferences as to the safety of our locally fermented foods. Samples of locally fermented locust beans, maize and sorghum gruels were collected from different markets in Ibadan, South West Nigeria. Microorganisms present in samples were isolated using different agars (Nutrient Agar, MacConkey Agar, Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar, Mueller-Hinton agar and Salmonella Shigella agar (SSA). Incubation at all times was for 24hrs at 360C. The microbial isolates obtained were subjected to various biochemical tests for characterization. Isolates were also screened for their antibiotic sensitivity, and ten that were resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics used were screened for the following antiobiotics resistance genes; β-lactams (CTX-M, OXA, TEM) and quinolones (qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrSM) resistance gene. The identities of these ten isolates were confirmed using 16S rRNA gene analysis. Out of the ten isolates, half were identified as Proteus mirabilis, two were identified as Providencia vermicola, while the last two were Alcaligenes feacalis. 10% of the isolates showed resistance to the CTX-M, OXA and qnrB genes respectively, 60% to qnrA, 80% to qnrSM and 50% to TEM. Isolates one that showed resistance to more than three classes of antibiotics resistance gene used are those that are not normally found in foods but have somehow gotten into the food chain and would seem to be thriving there. Public awareness and sensitization of stake holders should be done on the need to improve hygiene in local fermented foods, especially those sold commercially. Keywords: Microflora, Antibiotic susceptibility, Fermented foods, Microorganism, Resistance gene. Word Count: 299
Characterization and Determination of Drug Resistance Genes in Bacterial and Fungal Pathogen Co-Infecting Individual with SARS-CoV-2 in Oyo-State, Nigeria
(Lead City University, 2022-12) Florence Adenike BAMIGBOLA
Epidemiological data of SARS-C0V-2 indicated that bacterial and fungal complications increased mortality rate and decreased clearance rate of the virus therefore antimicrobial drugs were administered to patients with this disease without susceptibility testing. This study sought to identify co-infecting pathogen(s), determine their antimicrobial resistant pattern, detect macrolide, azole and polyene resistant genes in the identified pathogen(s) from confirmed SARS-CoV-2 individual in Oyo State, Nigeria. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 400 symptomatic and asymptomatic infected adults; structured questionnaires were administered to determine predisposing factors to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Isolates were obtained by standard microbiological methods, identified using API 20E, VITEK 2.0 ID cards and MALDITOF MS VITEK. Kirby Bauer disc diffusion methods and VITEK 2.0 AST card kits were used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Resistant genes in the isolates were amplified using Polymerase Chain Reaction with specific primers, genes, detection was done by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. Bacterial and fungal coinfection among SAR-CoV-2 infected individuals were detected (7.3%). Many of the identified bacteria were in family of Enterobacteriaceae, Loddermyces elongisporous (39.0%) was the most fungi isolated followed by Aspergillus flavus 17.5%). The Gram positive bacteria isolated were more resistant (66.6%) to azithromycin) used for palliative treatment of COVID-19 cases. However, bacterial isolates show significant higher susceptibility (89.0%) to quinolones. Only mefA (36.8%) and ermB (26.3%) genes were detected in the bacterial isolates and were more in Gram positive bacteria and no mphA gene was detected. Among fungal isolates, ERG 11 gene was detected among the Loddermyces elongisporous, FKS gene was detected in Aspergillus niger while CPY gene was present in Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Some of the microbial isolates detected in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals were multidrug resistant with resistant to Azithromycin inclusive. This finding is of great health concern and should be further looked into. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Bacterial and Fungal co-infection, MALDITOF MS VITEK and Resistant genes. Word Count: 294
Assessment of Mitochondrial DNA Damage Among HIV-Positive Teenagers in South West Nigeria
(Lead City University, 2022-12) Kordinum, ALUMONA
HIV/AIDS is one of the most lethal infectious diseases in the world, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, where it has significantly impacted health outcomes and life expectancy. This study focused on how HIV and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) affects adolescent mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Previous research has shown that HIV indirectly reduces the quantities of mitochondrial DNA in cells through apoptosis during infection and treatment, and may induce genomic instability. This study aims to determine and compare mtDNA copy numbers and deletion levels among HIV-positive adolescents compared to HIV-negative adolescents. This study also aims to determine the level of genomic instability in HIV-positive adolescents. This pilot study utilized established real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) protocols to determine the mtDNA copy numbers and damage, measuring the mtDNA ND1 and ND4 genes and the human nuclear B2M gene. The research population comprised 30 adolescents living with HIV on HAART and 30 HIV-negative adolescents recruited from the Nigerian Institute of Medical Researchers HAART clinic and University College Hospital Ibadan, respectively. We found a higher mitochondrial copy number in HIV-positive adolescents (mean=87.87±1.62) than in HIV-negative adolescents (mean =53.18±30.52; p-value=<0.05). These higher mitochondrial DNA copy numbers in positive HIV adolescents could be due to the early start-up of antiretroviral therapy and the body repair mechanisms working more to replace affected mtDNA. Also, mtDNA deletion level was lower among HIV-positive adolescents (mean=25.84±3.96) compared to the HIV-negative adolescents (mean =35.26±9.55; p-value=<0.05). Further studies should elucidate why mtDNA copy number is higher among HIV-positive adolescents receiving HAART and its impact on genome stability. Keywords: Adolescents, Human immune deficiency virus (HIV), Mitochondrial DNA, Antiretroviral therapy Word Count: 254
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Status of Sickle Cell Disease Patients in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
(Lead City University, 2022-12) Bilikis KHARASHI-KAREEM
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is an enzyme involved in the pentose monophosphate pathway. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to free radical-mediated oxidative damage to red blood cells, and in turn causes haemolysis. G6PD deficiency is the most common genetic enzymatic disorder of red blood cells, affecting 400 million people worldwide. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder in which individual inherit two abnormal copies of β-globin subunits given rise to haemoglobin S. The HbS red cells fail to return to normal shape when normal oxygen tension is restored thereby leading to vessel occlusion, ischaemia, and destruction of the red blood cells (haemolysis). Sickle cell disease and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency are inherited disorders associated with chronic haemolysis. Therefore, coinheritance of both disorders could worsen haemolysis in the former and compound a haemolytic crisis. This work aims at determining the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase status of sickle cell disease patients in Ibadan. Blood samples were collected from 147 sickle cell anaemia patients recruited from The Haematology Day Care Unit UCH Ibadan and Sickle Cell Clinic Adeoyo Ibadan. Haemoglobin electrophoresis was carried out to determine the haemoglobin genotype. The haemoglobin variants obtained were 142 (96.6%) homozygous haemoglobin S (SS), 4 (2.7%) heterozygous haemoglobin SC and 1 (0.7%) homozygous haemoglobin CC with. Qualitative analysis of G6PD was carried out using fluorescent spot test resulting to 21 (14.3%) full deficient and 11 (7.5%) partial deficient. Quantitative analysis of G6PD was determined using G6PD RANDOX reagent and 21.8% were G6PD deficient. DNA extraction and amplification was carried out and the gel electrophoresis was used to determine the band size of 308bp of G6PD variants (rs1050829, 376 A→G, chrX:154535277; 156 asn → asp). All that were G6PD A variants were digested with FokI restriction enzyme to determine the G6PD A variant polymorphism in which none was observed. This study has shown that G6PD deficiency is highly prevalent among those with HbSS and that all SCD patients should be screened for G6PD deficiency to avoid the use of medications and agents that could aggravate haemolysis during the treatment and management. In view of the findings in this study, it is recommended that G6PD status of everyone should be determined in order to prevent haemolysis after exposure to oxidative agents. Key words: Haemolysis, G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase), FokI restriction enzymes, oxidative agent. Word count: 260 words
Effect of Application of Feather Meal Treated with Bacterial Keratinase on Broiler Birds Weight
(Lead City University, 2022-12) Olamide Adenike JOSEPH
Feathers have been found to contain high protein content that is not easily digestible by poultry birds. Biologically processed feather meal has an advantage over mechanical and chemical methods because it preserves amino acids. This research was carried out to determine the potentials of a feather meal hydrolyzed by microorganisms as protein source in broiler feeds. To achieve this, selected thermophilic keratinolytic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) isolated from feather dumpsites was used to produce keratinase enzyme and optimum conditions for highest keratinase activity was observed at temperature of 45°C, pH 7 ,72-hour duration with casein (86.33 µl/L) and starch (581.33 µl/L) being the best nitrogen and carbon sources respectively, and this microorganism (Bacillus subtilis) was applied to feathers for hydrolysis for nine days. The hydrolyzed feather meal was incorporated into broiler ration at graded levels in comparison with fish meal as source of protein. Eighteen broilers were used to investigate the effects of the biodegraded feather meal on growth performance for 21 days and the design of feeding was; 1(100% hydrolyzed feather meal), 2(75% feather meal+ 25% fish meal) 3 (25% fish meal+ 75%feather meal) 4 (50%feather meal +50% fish meal) 5 (100% fish meal) 6 (100% non-hydrolyzed feather meal). Birds fed with hydrolyzed feather meal performed better than those fed with non-hydrolyzed feather meal and also, birds fed with higher concentration of fish meal diet performed better those fed with higher concentration of feather meal. Results showed that Bacillus subtilis was able to hydrolyze feather successfully and can therefore be used for commercial production of feather meal. Digestibility of the hydrolyzed feather meal by the broilers may be low and this may have affected the broilers weight, therefore there is need to carry out further studies on the duration of hydrolysis that will enhance feather meal digestibility by poultry birds. Keywords: Keratinolytic, Thermophilic, Hydrolysis, Biodegraded. Word Count: 300
Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Leaf and Stem Extracts of Croton zambesicus against some Human Pathogenic Bacteria
(Lead City University, 2022-12) Olawale Ayoola BADIRU
The increase in emerging antibiotics resistance bacteria to prevailing infection and side effects of antibiotics drug’s efficacy has led to emphasis on the use of plant extracts and its derivatives as a source of medicine for vast categories of human ailments. This research work specialized in phytochemical screening and the antimicrobial activities of Croton zambesicus evaluation. The effects of the plant extract parts were examined in-vitro using petroleum ether, ethanol, acetone, chloroform and aqueous at different concentrations on pathogenic bacteria including E. coli, S. typhi, E. cloacae, P. mirabilis, K. pneumonia, and S. aureus. The MIC effects for E. coli recorded 1.53mm on ethanol, 1.46mm on petroleum ether, 2.9mm on acetone. S. typhi was reactive to petroleum ether at 1.53mm, E. cloacea recorded 1.0mm on ethanol, 1.6mm on petroleum ether and 1.08mm on acetone, P. mirabilis measured 1.0 on petroleum ether, and 2.0 on acetone. K. pneumonia accounted 1.0 on ethanol, 0.51 on petroleum ether and 2.09 on acetone. The result of the standard antibiotics test discovered that S. aureus was inhibited by chloramphenicol (17mm), esperfloxacin (13mm), streptomycin (17mm), erythromycin (14mm), pefloxacin (16mm), gentamicin (20mm), septrin (20mm), ciprofloxacillin (19mm) and rocephin (16mm), K. pneumonia was inhibited bypefloxacin (15mm), rocephin (11mm), Esperfloxacin (13mm) and ciprofloxacillin (12mm). S. typhi was inhibited by rocephin (14mm), chloramphenicol (15mm), Esperfloxacin (12mm), ciprofloxacillin (11mm), Zinnacef (11mm), pefloxacin (19mm), septrin (17mm), erythromycin (14mm) and streptomycin (16mm). P. mirabiliswas inhibited by esperfloxacin (16mm), rocephin (10mm), ciprofloxacillin (11mm), gentamicin (9mm), pefloxacin (17mm), erythromycin (11mm), streptomycin (14mm), and chloramphenicol (10mm). Phytochemical analysis of C. zambesicus revealed the presence of alkaloid, saponins, terperoid, steroid, flavoroid, glycosides, and triterpenes. The plant parts were proven to show that phytochemical derivatives contain antimicrobial properties and acetone and ethanol being an excellent solvent extractor. Keywords: Croton zambesicus, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Antimicrobial activity, phytochemical screening and bacteria isolates. Word Count -.287
Prevalence of Pulmonary Mycobacterial Infections and their Risk Factors among Inmates of Agodi Custodial Centre Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria
(Lead City University, 2023-12) ADEGOKE Olusola Andrew
Prison represents dynamic communities with congregation of risk factors of Mycobacterial infections, other diseases and its transmission. The study determines the prevalence of mycobacterial infections that is yet to be studied in Agodi Custodial Center, Oyo State, Nigeria. A total of two hundred (200) sputum samples were collected from the inmates who have been coughing for weeks or more between January and June, 2022. Structured Questionnaires were administered to the eligible inmates to capture bio-data and TB risk factors. National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Program (NTBLCP) Algorithm of test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis was strictly followed in addition to genetic relatedness of the isolates which was determined using Phylogenic analysis. 39.5% of the inmates tested had their average means age to be 29.5 years. Over 67.5% had secondary education as their highest educational qualification. Out of 19.5% that were positive for Gene Xpert MTB/RIF assay 10% were Rifampicin sensitive, 1.5% were Rifampicin resistant and 8.5% were Rifampicin Indeterminate. Respondent educational status (p=0.000), HIV status (p=0.000), those with cough for two or more weeks (p=0.008) and those previously treated for TB (p=0.002) respectively were statistically significantly associated with mycobacterial infection. Culture result captured the overall prevalence of mycobacterial infections in Agodi prisons to be 21%. Out of this Mycobacterium tuberculosis was 10%, Mycobacterium bovis was 5%, Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM) was 6% Mycobacterium fortuitum dominated among the NTM, Mycobacterium chelonie in lesser percentage .The overall anti-TB resistance was found to be 11.5% with Rifampicin resistance 70.0% and 76.6% by LPA (molecular) phenotypic proportion method respectively. The study show that the prevalence of mycobacterial infection with concomitant drug resistance is high among the inmates at Agodi Custodial Center with overcrowding as the most associated factor. Therefore, prison decongestion, architectural design and infection control measures are recommended to stop the high rate of mycobacterial infections. Key words: Mycobacterial infection, Prison inmates, Tuberculosis, Risk factors, Rifampicin Resistant.
Assessment of Cytotoxic Effects of Selected Medicinal Plants on Human Cervical, Breast and Lung Cancer Cell lines
(Lead City University, 2023-12) Oluwaseun Akinyemi, ADEDEJI
Cancer remains a leading cause of death globally. Reports of severe adverse effects of anticancer drugs call for newer therapies from natural products. This study aims to investigate the cytotoxic effects of six medicinal plant extracts on human cervical (HeLa), breast (MCF-7) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines. The plant extracts were assayed for cytotoxicity using MTT assay method. The selectivity index was determined with the use of non-tumorigenic cell line (KMST- 6). The most active plant was evaluated for its apoptotic effects and its effects on oxidative stress markers of the selected cell lines. Phytochemical composition of the most active plant extract was determined by GC-MS analysis. The leaf extract of Ficus benjamina has the highest cytotoxic effects on the cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 17.56, 33.35 and 33.57 µg/ml on HeLa, MCF-7, and A549 cell lines respectively. Other plant extracts exhibited low cytotoxic effects with IC50 >100µg/ml. The leaf extract of Ficus benjamina possesses a selectivity index (SI) of 2.2 in the HeLa cell line. At p≤0.05, Bax protein level was significantly higher in MCF-7, while caspase-9 and 3 were significantly higher in HeLa cell line. Activities of SOD increases in all the cell lines but significantly in MCF-7 (p≤0.05). The activities of GST and the levels of GSH were significantly reduced in MCF-7 and A549. LPO and NO were lowered significantly in all cancer cell lines (p≤0.05). The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds (Phytol and Tocopherols) and terpenoids (Eicosyne and Eicosane). The extract of F. benjamina induces apoptosis in HeLa and MCF-7. The analysis of bioactive compounds showed that the extract posseses antioxidant and antiflammatory properties. This study suggests that the leaf of F. benjamina could be a source of potential and safe anticancer drug against cervical cancer. Keywords: Medicinal plants, Cancer cell lines, Cytotoxicity, Selectivity index. Word Count: 293

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