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Item Role of SLC6A4 Gene in Serotonin Levels, Gonadocorticoids and Inflammation on the Severity of Depression in Patients from Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Obianuju Ibifuro OJIKAHDepression is a complex disorder influenced by genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. Sex, age-related differences alongside lifestyle choices play a a dynamic role in the concurrence of depression and its severity in men and women. The SLC6A4 gene, responsible for serotonin transporter regulation, has been implicated in depression. However, the relationship between SLC6A4 gene variants, serotonin levels, gonadocorticoids, inflammation, and depression severity in Nigerian patients remains unexplored. This study investigated the association between gene- environmental factors, serum serotonin, IL-6 and gonadocorticoids levels on depression severity in Nigerian patients. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Federal Ministry of Health with approval number: NHREC/01/01/2007-01/09/2024. A case-control study was conducted, 164 participants, 73 with depression and 91 healthy controls were recruited. 10 mls of blood samples were collected from all participants, After consent was given, two questionnaires were issued and enrolment characteristics were recorded. qPCR genotyping of SLC6A4 gene variants, rs6354 and rs8076005, serum serotonin and IL-6 were estimated by ELISA kits. Progesterone, testosterone and estrogen were quantified with CLIA microparicles kits. The results show that SLC6A4 long or short alleles were not present in this population. rs6354 played a role in severe depression (p=0.035). Significantly levels of reduced serum serotonin levels (p= <0.001) and testosterone (p=0.024) in the cases, compared to controls. Males testosterone levels was significantly increased in severe depression (p= 0.033). Both rs8076005 and rs634 the recessive homozygous alleles were risk factors for low serotonin levels (p= <0.001). Il-6 levels showed protective traits in women who were diagnosed with depression (p= 0.048). Employment and alcohol consumption were also found to protect against odds of depression occurrence. Lifestyle choices such as smoking, and number of children or lack of, did not show any noticeable associations to depression, neither did progesterone or oestrogen. This study provides evidence for the role of lifestyle, SLC6A4 gene in modulating serotonin levels, as well as hormonal factors, which contribute to the severity of depression in men and women in Nigeria. This study highlights the complex interplay between biological factors in depression and underscores the need for personalized treatment approaches. The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying depression and have implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Keywords: Depression, Polymophism, Serotonin, Inflammation, Gonadocorticiods, Nigeria. Word Count: 368 wordsItem Microplastic and Phthalate Esters Occurrences in Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus Obtained from Lagos and Epe Lagoons(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Nkechinyere Veronica OTU-EKUMAMicroplastics are increasingly found in aquatic environments, yet data on their distribution and effects in Nigeria’s lagoons remain limited. This study assessed the occurrence of microplastics and phthalate esters in two commercially important fish species (Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus) and heavy metals in surface and benthic waters from Makoko, Ikorodu, and Epe. Sampling occurred during four seasonal cycles (March, May, August, and November). Microplastics were isolated by density separation and identified via FTIR; phthalates were analyzed using GC-MS, and heavy metals analysed using standard method. The study recorded widespread contamination in all sample types and sites, with seasonal and spatial variations. Microplastic counts in Oreochromis niloticus ranged from 8.7±2.3 particles/fish (Epe, August) to 22.3±5.7 (Makoko, November), and in Clarias gariepinus from 7.6±1.9 (Epe, August) to 19.4±4.8 (Makoko, November). Fibers made up 58%, fragments 35%, films 5%, and pellets 2% of total particles. The most abundant polymers were PE (42%), PP (26%), PS (17%), and PET (15%), indicating mixed urban and household plastic sources. Phthalate esters occurred in all fish tissue samples, showing seasonal and spatial variation. The highest concentration (55.0 ± 5.4 mg/kg) was observed in C. gariepinus from Ikorodu in March, and the lowest (28.7 ± 3.2 mg/kg) in August, while Oreochromis niloticus from Makoko contained 49.3±4.1 mg/kg. Diethyl phthalate (DEP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the most abundant esters detected. Heavy metal concentrations exceeded WHO limits in all water samples. Notably, in November, Pb in Makoko benthic water reached 6.77mg/L, Ni 14.66 mg/L, Cd 2.84 mg/L, Cr 3.15 mg/L, and Cu 2.61 mg/L. Seasonal variations were evident across parameters: for instance, Pb in surface water at Ikorodu declined from 3.74 mg/L in May to 1.21 mg/L in August before rising again to 4.68mg/L in November. Similar seasonal trends were observed for Ni, Cd, Cr, and Cu, reflecting the influence of rainfall, mixing, and anthropogenic inputs. Morphometric analysis showed clear spatial and seasonal differences in Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus. Epe consistently recorded the largest specimens, with O. niloticus reaching a mean standard length of 13.80 ± 1.56 cm and weight of 175.00 ± 31.31g in November, while Makoko recorded the smallest (13.00 ± 1.12 cm; 155.00 ± 33.54g). For C. gariepinus, Epe weights peaked at 390.00 ± 78.26 g, compared to 350.00 ± 67.08 g at Makoko. Physicochemical parameters varied seasonally; for example, dissolved oxygen was highest in August (6.24 mg/L surface water at Epe) during peak rainfall, while conductivity and TDS were elevated in March and November, with benthic conductivity reaching 329.50 µS/cm at Makoko. Turbidity also peaked in November, with surface water values up to 42.40 NTU at Ikorodu, reflecting increased runoff and anthropogenic input.These findings demonstrate that microplastics, phthalates, and heavy metals co-occur at ecologically concerning levels in Lagos and Epe lagoons, with site- and season-specific patterns. Targeted interventions—particularly improved waste management, focused monitoring in high risk areas such as Makoko, and seasonal pollution control—are essential to safeguard aquatic ecosystems and food security. Keywords: Microplastic, Phthalate, Heavy Metals, Pollution, Aquatic Ecosystems Word Count: 457Item Epidemiological Surveillance of HBV and HEV among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal in Selected Hospitals in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Ibukun Akinwumi AKINDELEHepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in pregnancy is associated with potential viral transmission from mother to newborn which often makes the newborn a chronic carrier of HBV. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection causes acute viral hepatitis with high mortality rate among pregnant women. The overlap of HBV and HEV can have more adverse effects which frequently leads to severe complications and poor outcomes in pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence rate of HBV and HEV infections among pregnant women attending antenatal in selected hospitals in Ibadan. A total of 297 pregnant women attending Adeoyo Maternity Teaching Hospital and Akinyele Primary Health Centre, Ibadan were enrolled into the study. From each participant, 5ml of blood was collected and Alanineaminotransferase (ALT) was measured. The plasma samples were screened for HBV serological markers (HBsAg, HBsAb, HBeAg, HBeAb, HBcAb) and HEV antibodies (IgM and IgG) using ELISA assays. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Significance level set at P<0.05. Samples with serological evidence of HBV infection were screened for HBV DNA using the Real time-PCR technique. Samples positive for HBV DNA were subjected to genome sequencing. The seroprevalence of HBsAg was 7.4%, HBsAb (12.1%), HBeAg (0.7%), HBeAb (6.7%) and HBcAb (7.1%). Thirty (10.1%) women tested positive for anti-HEV IgG while none had detectable anti-HEV IgM. HBV-DNA prevalence was 21/22(95.0%). No significant relationship was identified among HBV and HEV seropositivity in the pregnant women in terms of age, trimester, source of water supply, education, animal contact, previous history of Jaundice, previous histories of blood transfusion and previous surgical operation. HBV and HEV IgG co-positivity rate of 1.7% was observed, with significantly high HBV prevalence among pregnant women with elevated ALT level compared with those with normal ALT level. Following molecular characterization of the HBV gene, the viral isolate was genotype E, typical of the dominant HBV genotype in Nigeria; which maintains susceptibility to current antiviral drugs and also shows low-frequency mutations and polymorphisms which were not considered to have a significant effect on immune escape for genotype E within the study population. There was high prevalence of HBV infection among pregnant women which could increase risk of mother-to-child transmission. Also, a limited number of pregnant women with increased infectivity with HBV had high viral load which may lead to increase maternal and childbirth morbidity and mortality. Hence, the need to increase access to vaccination in pregnant women. Similarly, a significant number of pregnant women had been previously exposed to HEV, demonstrating the endemicity of HEV infection in Ibadan, warranting the need to intensify personal hygiene enlightenment campaigns. Keywords: Pregnancy, HBsAg, HEV IgM, HEV IgG, ALT Word Count: 425Item Effects of Micronutrient Supplementation on Patients with Drug-Sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Genetic Identification of Multi-Drug- Resistant Strains in Ibadan, Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Ekundayo Joseph OWOLABIDrug-resistant tuberculosis has been implicated in about 13% of all antimicrobial resistance deaths all over the world. Limited studies have been able to report the genomic characterisation of the multi-drug resistant (MDR) strain of M. tuberculosis in Nigeria. Undernutrition is a factor implicated as a cause of immune deficiency in most tuberculosis (TB) patients. The effects of micronutrients as adjuvant therapy in the management of tuberculosis have not been well documented in Nigerian TB patients. This study was designed to investigate the possible influence of zinc, selenium and iron supplements on TB patients undergoing intensive anti-TB therapy and also compare the genomic sequence of MDR TB with drug-sensitive Tubercle bacilli. One hundred newly diagnosed patients with drug-sensitive (DS) M. tuberculosis patients were recruited after the screening of sputum at the molecular level. Ten MDR positive M. tuberculosis and twenty-five normal individuals (controls) who were mycobacterium negative screened by Genxpert at Jericho Chest Government Hospital, Ibadan also participated in this study. The 100 drug-sensitive positive M. tuberculosis patients were classified into 4; groups 1-3 had anti-TB drugs plus iron, selenium or zinc supplementation, while group 4 had anti-TB drugs only. Baseline and 2 months post-treatment weights were measured, and blood samples were collected. MDR TB and DS sputum samples were used for the culture and genomic characterisation of M. tuberculosis. Results showed that baseline weights were significantly (p<0.05) lower when compared with the controls. After two months, patients on iron and selenium supplementation showed a significant increase in weight compared to the baseline values. Baseline levels of ferritin, IgG, C3, CRP, and D-dimer were significantly (p<0.05) higher, while levels of Hb, iron, selenium, zinc, and albumin were significantly (p<0.05) lower compared with controls. However, patients on Fe, Se and Zn supplementation had significantly higher levels after 2 months of treatment. This study identified the rpoB gene and KatG gene in MDR strains of M. tuberculosis. The phylogenetic analysis showed that some drug-sensitive and drug-resistant positive TB had clusters of both M. tuberculosis and M. bovis. It could be concluded that M. bovis shared similar clusters with M. tuberculosis probably due to a gene mutation that could accounts for drug resistance in MDR-TB. It may be necessary to consistently conduct a phylogenetic analysis of samples to identify which samples have a cluster common to MTB and M. bovis. This could help in reducing MDR-TB infection and possibly decrease the number of deaths. Consumption of micronutrients seems to have have effects on D-dimer, C- v reactive protein, complement factor-3, iron, ferritin and albumin, possibly by enhancing metabolic activities, reducing inflammation, preventing iron deficiency anaemia, reducing intravascular coagulation, and modulating immune response of patients to infection. Keywords: DNA sequencing, Immune system, Micronutrients, Multi-drug resistance, Tuberculosis-infection. Word Count: 429Item In vitro Phytochemical and Antibacterial Evaluation of Phoenix dactylifera L. Fruit and Seed Extracts against Beta-lactamase Producing Clinical Isolates Associated with Urinary Tract Infections(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) OYEKOLA Wasiu BodeUrinary tract infection (UTIs) cause by beta-lactamase producing bacteria is challenging to treat due to antibiotic resistance and high cost of drugs. The study evaluated the phytochemical and antibacterial activity of Phoenix dactylifera L. fruit and seed extracts against beta-lactamase-producing bacteria isolated from urinary tract infections. Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins. The methanol extract of the fruit contained the highest concentrations, with phenol, alkaloid, and tannin 208.8±9.95mg/ml, 174.5±1.08mg/ml, and 142.2±1.03mg/ml contents. Flavonoid and saponin contents were also substantial in methanol extracts, 94.46±1.04mg/ml and 128.1±13.2mg/ml respectively. Extracts were tested at concentrations of 150, 100, 75, and 60 mg/mL using the agar well diffusion method, and zones of inhibition were measured. Results showed that the methanolic extracts exhibited the most significant antibacterial activity among the tested solvents. For fruit extracts, methanolic fractions showed inhibition zones of 16.0±1.41 mm at 150 mg/ml against Klebsiella pneumoniae, 16.0±1.41 mm against Escherichia coli, and 19.5±7.78 mm against Enterobacter cloacae. In contrast, ethyl acetate demonstrated moderate activity against E. coli (17.0±1.41 mm, and Pseudomonas luteola mm. Chloroform and aqueous extracts showed little to no inhibition across all isolates. Seed extracts showed similar trends, with methanolic extracts producing inhibition zones of 15.5±0.70 mm at 150 mg/ml against K. pneumoniae, 14.5±2.12 mm against E. coli and 18.0±1.41 mm against P. luteola. Ethyl acetate demonstrated comparable activity against E. coli (15.0±1.41 mm, and P. luteola (16.5±3.53 mm. Synergistic effects were observed with combinations of fruit and seed extracts, where methanolic combinations produced zones of 22.0±1.41 mm at 150 mg/ml against K. pneumoniae and 19.0±1.41 mm against P. luteola. Ethyl acetate combinations were also effective, with 19.5±2.12 mm inhibition against E. coli. Methanolic extracts of P. dactylifera fruit and seeds showed potent antibacterial activity, particularly against K. pneumoniae, E. coli, and P. luteola, suggesting their potential as alternative treatments for infections caused by beta-lactamase-producing bacteria. Keywords:Phoenix dactylifera Linn, antibacterial, beta-lactamase, urinary tract infections, synergistic effect. Word count:300Item In-vitro Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Garcinia cola, Aframomum melegueta and Zingiber officinale against Selected Upper Respiratory Tract Pathogens(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Grace Temitope OYATUNDEThe use of plants for treating health issues has been a tradition since ancient times. With the rise in bacterial resistance to antibiotics and the side effects of antibiotics, there has been a growing emphasis on using plant extracts and their derivatives as a source of drugs for various human diseases. This research focuses on screening the phytochemicals and antimicrobial activities of three medicinal plants: Garcinia cola, Aframomum melegueta, and Zingiber officinale Roscoe. The plants were tested individually and in different combinations with various concentrations. The effects of the plant extracts were examined in-vitro using petroleum ether, ethanol, and aqueous solutions at different concentrations on pathogenicbacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The zone of inhibition of Aframomum melegueta, Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Garcinia cola ranged from 19.5 ± 1.12, 14.5 ± 1.12, and 13.5 ± 1.5 and the combined antibacterial activity of Aframomum melegueta and Garcinia cola, Garcinia cola and Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Aframomum melegueta and Zingiber officinale Roscoe ranges from 24.2 ± 1.73, 23.23 ± 0.05, and 14.5 ± 1.18, respectively. While combinations of Garcinia cola, Aframomum melegueta, and Zingiber officinale Roscoe have the highest concentration of 26.1±0.05.The MIC revealed that the plants extracts inhibited bacterial growth at concentration as low as 3.12 mg/mL, especially in ethanol extracts of Garcinia cola and Zingiber officinale. The MBC reults showed that petroleum ether extracts of Garcinia cola and Zingiber officinale effect at lower concentration compared to ethanol with Staphylococcus aureus being the most susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa the most resistant. The result of the standard antibiotics test showed that the different bacterial isolates used were inhibited by some antibiotics provided. Phytochemical analysis of the plants revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, glycosides, and phenols. The quantitative analysis showed ranges of 0.52 mg/mL, 0.0019 mg/mL, 0.24 mg/mL, and 0.286 mg/mL and ethanol proving to be an excellent solvent for extraction. Keywords: Medicinal plants, Minimum inhibitory concentration,Plant Extracts,Antibiotics, Bacteria isolates. Word Count: 300Item Effects of Micronutrient Supplementation on Patients with Drug-Sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Genetic Identification of Multi-Drug- Resistant Strains in Ibadan, Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Ekundayo Joseph OWOLABIDrug-resistant tuberculosis has been implicated in about 13% of all antimicrobial resistance deaths all over the world. Limited studies have been able to report the genomic characterisation of the multi-drug resistant (MDR) strain of M. tuberculosis in Nigeria. Undernutrition is a factor implicated as a cause of immune deficiency in most tuberculosis (TB) patients. The effects of micronutrients as adjuvant therapy in the management of tuberculosis have not been well documented in Nigerian TB patients. This study was designed to investigate the possible influence of zinc, selenium and iron supplements on TB patients undergoing intensive anti-TB therapy and also compare the genomic sequence of MDR TB with drug-sensitive Tubercle bacilli. One hundred newly diagnosed patients with drug-sensitive (DS) M. tuberculosis patients were recruited after the screening of sputum at the molecular level. Ten MDR positive M. tuberculosis and twenty-five normal individuals (controls) who were mycobacterium negative screened by Genxpert at Jericho Chest Government Hospital, Ibadan also participated in this study. The 100 drug-sensitive positive M. tuberculosis patients were classified into 4; groups 1-3 had anti-TB drugs plus iron, selenium or zinc supplementation, while group 4 had anti-TB drugs only. Baseline and 2 months post-treatment weights were measured, and blood samples were collected. MDR TB and DS sputum samples were used for the culture and genomic characterisation of M. tuberculosis. Results showed that baseline weights were significantly (p<0.05) lower when compared with the controls. After two months, patients on iron and selenium supplementation showed a significant increase in weight compared to the baseline values. Baseline levels of ferritin, IgG, C3, CRP, and D-dimer were significantly (p<0.05) higher, while levels of Hb, iron, selenium, zinc, and albumin were significantly (p<0.05) lower compared with controls. However, patients on Fe, Se and Zn supplementation had significantly higher levels after 2 months of treatment. This study identified the rpoB gene and KatG gene in MDR strains of M. tuberculosis. The phylogenetic analysis showed that some drug-sensitive and drug-resistant positive TB had clusters of both M. tuberculosis and M. bovis. It could be concluded that M. bovis shared similar clusters with M. tuberculosis probably due to a gene mutation that could accounts for drug resistance in MDR-TB. It may be necessary to consistently conduct a phylogenetic analysis of samples to identify which samples have a cluster common to MTB and M. bovis. This could help in reducing MDR-TB infection and possibly decrease the number of deaths. Consumption of micronutrients seems to have have effects on D-dimer, C- v reactive protein, complement factor-3, iron, ferritin and albumin, possibly by enhancing metabolic activities, reducing inflammation, preventing iron deficiency anaemia, reducing intravascular coagulation, and modulating immune response of patients to infection. Keywords: DNA sequencing, Immune system, Micronutrients, Multi-drug resistance, Tuberculosis-infection, Word Count: 429Item Polymorphism of TLR-2 Gene and Risk factors Associated with Prevalence of M.tuberculosis in Participants Diagnosed of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Ogun State, Nigeria.(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Rodiah Opeyemi ABUBAKRETuberculosis (TB) has remained a major cause of global mortality and is the single leading infectious killer only second to coronavirus disease 2019. Biological sex is an important determinant of health. Literature on the gender epidemiology of tuberculosis demonstrates gender differences in prevalence/notification rate, disease manifestation. The present study assessed toll like receptor 2 (TLR2), prevalence of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (M.TB) and associated risk factors between male and female tuberculosis positive patients in Ogun state Nigeria. A total of 130 participants comprising of 83 M.TB positive individuals and 47 MTB negative individuals were recruited into the present study. One spot sputum sample was collected in sterile sputum container and 5mLs of venous blood was obtained from the anterior cubital vein using 5ml disposable, sterile syringe and dispensed into EDTA anticoagulated sample bottle for genomic analysis. Determination of TB status was done using both microscopy and geneXpert. DNA extraction was done using NIMR kit and TLRs genotyping was done using PCR. The result of the analysis shows a 100% specificity of the result of microscopy detection of TB compared to the result of GeneXpert detection of TB and also a 100% sensitivity of the result of microscopy detection of TB compared to the result of GeneXpert detection of TB. The prevalence of M.TB was higher among male subjects (58%) compared to female subjects (42%). The CC allele was more prevalent among male subjects (12) compared to females (7). The TT allele was also more prevalent among male subjects (5) compared to females (2). While the TC allele was slightly more prevalent among male subjects (24) compared to females (22) This study accomplished its goals, offering significant insights into the socio-demographic, genetic, and diagnostic factors of tuberculosis. The results highlight the essential interaction of behavioural, genetic, and environmental factors in determining tuberculosis susceptibility and outcomes. Keywords: Mycobacterium Tuberculosis(M.TB), Toll-like receptors(TLRs), Diagnosis, Disease. Word Count: 300Item In-vitro Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Parts of Securidaca longipendunculata Extracts on Clinical Wound Isolates from Diabetic Foot Ulcers(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) AYOOLA, Olubunmi AfolakePlant derived compound offer an alternative additional potential source of new antimicrobial, Securidaca longipedunculata is one such medicinal plant with a long history of use in Nigeria and African. Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a significant complication of diabetes mellitus, often leading to chronic infections due to antibiotic-resistant. This study aimed at investigating the in-vitro phytochemical and antimicrobial activities of ethanol, n- hexane, chloroform, and aqueous extracts from selected parts of S. longipendunculata (root bark, stem bark, and leaves) against wound isolates from DFUs. The tested microorganisms included Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Acinetobacter baumannii and Candida albicans. The In-vitro phytochemical and antimicrobial activities of the plant extract were determined by agar well diffusion method and phytochemical analysis of the plant extract was carried out using standard method. The phytochemical analysis results of the extracts shown the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoid. The In-vitro phytochemical and antimicrobial activities results of the extracts using different solvent shown that at 150 mg/mL ethanolic extract had highest zone of inhibition 22.50± 0.5mm against (E. coli), 21.00mm ±1.40mm against (K. pneumonia) followed by S. longipendun cu lata chloroform extract at 18 ± 0.5 mm (A. baumannii) and aqueous extract haslowest value of 0.6 ± 0.0 mm (K. pneumonia). The result of ethanolic extract were compared with standard antibiotic of Amikacin ≥ 20mm and Ceftaxidime ≥ 21 mm, revealed that ethanolic extracts had a greater inhibition zone of 22.5 ± 0.5 mm and 21.0 mm ±1.40mm against E. coli and K. pneumonia respectively. Also, the ethanolic had greater zone of inhibition of 22 mm against C. albicans when compared with standard antifungi(fluconazole). The study concludes that S. longipendunculata had antimicrobial activity which can be used to develop new therapies for managing diabetic foot ulcers Keywords: Securidaca longipedunculata, Antimicrobial Activity, Phytochemical Analysis. Word count: 300Item Food Environment, Nutrient Adequacy, Physical Activities Among Young Adult Aged 18- 29 Years In Ibadan North Local Government, Ibadan Oyo State(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Mayowa Fortune ALADEHome Food environment contributes to the nutritional status and nutritional adequacy of young adults in ways such as; Home Food Environment: Factors like access to healthy foods, parental feeding practices, and family mealtimes all influence dietary choices and habits. A home environment stocked with nutritious options and positive mealtime routines can promote a balanced diet and optimize a nutritional wellbeing and School Food Environment: The availability of healthy choices in school cafeterias, along with nutrition education programs, can significantly impact students' dietary intake and knowledge. Previous studies in Nigeria attempted to establish a statistical association between food and nutrition security (mainly using anthropometric indicators, total calorie intake, or household dietary diversity) and potential determinants. This study adopted a community- based descriptive cross-sectional design involving 18-29 year old young adults in the selected local government in Ibadan. Oyo State. Using a self-administered questionnaire and HDDS. To obtain information and dietary consumption pattern. Overall there was severe inadequacy of calories (51.1%), Protein (51.9%) but carbohydrate was adequate in about one-quarter of the respondents (27.2%). there was a severe inadequacy of Vitamin C (94.3%), Vitamin B1 (41.8%), Vitamin B2 (58.4%), Vitamin B3 (51.4%), Vitamin B6 (81.5%), Folates (69.3%) and Vitamin B12 (97.0%), yet, about half of the respondents consumed excess Vitamin A (47.3%). There was a weak positive correlation between Body Mass Index and street food vendors availability within 1km distance (r= 0.119;p=0.022). There was also a negative correlation between Body Mass Index and Patronizing street food vendors (r=0.111;p=0.034). This study demonstrated more than half of the respondents had normal body mass index (57.9%) while prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity among the respondents was 8.2%, 22.6% and 11.4%, respectively in the selected local government. Hence, Vitamins should be taken in good amount among young adults. Keywords: Home Food Environment, Dietary Intake, Nutrition Awareness, Affordability. Word Count: 297Item Potential of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Antibiotics as Synergestic Therapeutic Agent against Resistant Strains of Bacteria Associated with Skin Infections.(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2023-12) Ifeoluwa, Omodesola ODUNUGASkin infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains pose a growing challenge in modern healthcare. There are little comprehensive reports on the antibacterial activity of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) isolated from fermented milk from different locations in Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria. The aim of the study is to characterize and evaluate the antibacterial activity of Weissella paramesenteroides, Limosilactobacillus fermentum, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides isolated from traditionally fermented milk against Candida, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia odorifera, Salmonella, Raoultella ornithinolytica, Aeromonas hydrophilia and some other clinically important bacteria isolated from skin infections. Twenty (20) samples of fresh milk were collected from two cattle-farming areas in Ibadan, namely: New-garage and Ido, and were fermented traditionally. A total of 3 LAB were isolated and screened primarily using agar well diffusion method against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Candida, and 12 other Gram-negative bacterial strains. The LAB strains obtained were identified by conventional and molecular methods, and the antagonistic activity of the LAB isolates against the selected pathogenic bacteria was also assessed. DNA extraction and whole genome sequencing of obtained LAB isolates showed their identities. Crude cell free extracts (bacteriocin) of each of the LAB isolates was obtained by centrifugation and used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing by soft agar overlay methods. This was done singly and in combination with penicillin on the selected strains. LAB isolates showed growth inhibitory activity against the pathogenic strains by agar-well diffusion with Zone Diameter of Inhibition (ZDI) range of 3.67±1.15 – 23.67±1.53mm. Agar overlay method gave ZDI range of 0.67±1.15mm and 17.33±2.52 mm, while the combination of penicillin and Lactic acid bacteria extract showed greater ZDI 19.00±2.65mm – 24.67±4.51mm. Crude extracts of LAB obtained from traditionally fermented milk might be used as a valid therapy for treatments against SSTIs singly or in combination with penicillin. Keywords: Skin and Soft Tissue Infections (SSTIs), Zone Diameter of Inhibition (ZDI), Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), Penicillin Word Count: 291Item Phytochemical and In Vitro Antimicrobial Evaluation of Selected Herbal Mixtures Sold in Ibadan, Nigeria against Clinical Isolates associated with Sexually Transmitted Infections(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2023-12) Naimot Aramide, EMIOLAThe emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR), extensively drug resistant (XDR), and pan drug-resistant strains of bacteria have further complicated the treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) which is a major public health concern. These situation has necessitated the exploration of alternative sources of antimicrobial agents, such as medicinal plants and the preparation of herbal mixtures by local herb manufacturers against STIs. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activities and microbial profile of some randomly selected herbal mixtures against clinical isolates causing STIs. A total of 6 herbal mixtures claimed by their manufacturers to be active against STI were used and were coded as: A, B, C, D, E and F. Antimicrobial activities of the herbal mixtures were tested against (4) clinical isolates obtained from patients with STIs, including Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia. The identities of the isolates were ascertained using standard microbiological methods and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns were determined by agar well diffusion methods. Phytochemical constituents of the mixture were determined by standard chemical methods. The results showed that herbal mixture A exhibited varying degrees of antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli with inhibition zones ranging from 14.5 to 19 mm but no zone of inhibition against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia. Herbal mixture B to F showed no activity against the tested isolates. The herbal mixtures also showed different phytochemical profiles, with the presence of tannin, saponin, alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid, glycoside, chalcones and steroid at varied concentrations. The findings of this study suggest that herbal mixtures have potential to be used as alternative therapy for the treatment of STIs. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms of action, safety and efficacy of these herbal mixtures in vivo. Keywords: Escherichia coli, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), phytochemical profiles, herbal mixtures, clinical isolates Word Count: 287Item Assessment of the Post-Pandemic Renal and Thyroid Health of Sars-CoV-2 Exposed Individuals in Ibadan, Nigeria(Lead City University, 2023-12) Temitope David OGUNLEYEThis study assessed the post-pandemic renal and thyroid health of SARS-CoV-2-exposed individuals in Ibadan, Nigeria. Corona Virus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) infection is caused by a novel coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The main manifestation is an acute respiratory illness with interstitial and alveolar pneumonia; however, the possibility of the virus invading other organs cannot be disregarded. Organs, such as the kidney and thyroid glands have been discovered to express the SARS-CoV-2 receptor known as the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), implying that they are target tissues. Presently, information is scarce on the impact of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection on renal and thyroid functions after the pandemic. Hence this study provides data for the post-pandemic thyroid and renal status of SARS-CoV-2 exposed individuals. This is a cross-sectional study, involving random venous blood samples collection from subjects at different local governments in Ibadan, Oyo state. The socio-demographic information was obtained from 165 subjects comprising 85 unexposed samples; those who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 virus, who also tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 antibody, and 80 exposed who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 virus and equally tested positive to SARS-CoV-2 antibody. Inflammatory marker (CRP), renal markers (Cystatin C, Urea, Creatinine, electrolytes; Na +, K +, Cl-, HCO3-), and markers of thyroid function (FT3, FT4, TSH) of the two groups were compared using independent sample T-test. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the Mean ± SD of the inflammatory marker, renal markers, and thyroid function markers of the unexposed samples and exposed samples. This suggests that individuals exposed to SARS-CoV-2 during the pandemic fully recovered. Further studies should be done to determine the post-pandemic effects of viral infection on other vital organs that express the SARS-CoV-2 receptor. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Cystatin C, Assessment of the Post-Pandemic, Renal and Thyroid, Health of Sars-CoV-2, Exposed Individuals in Ibadan, Nigeria Word Count: 293Item Impact of Animal Dung on Soil pH and Microbiota(Lead City University, 2023-12) Taofeeq Adesina SALAUIt has been established that continuous waste disposal on land contributes to the acidification of soil and soil pH influences nutrient availability. This study investigated the impact of animal dung on soil pH and microbiota. Soil samples from five different livestock litters were collected from two medium-scale livestock farms. These included litter-free soil with pH 7 (control), and soil samples from dungs of poultry, pig, goat and cattle. Physicochemical properties of each soil samples were assessed according to standard procedure. Total heterotrophic plate count and total fungi count of each sample were determined using standard pour plate technique. Five isolates were selected for molecular identification. Data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics and analysis of variance (ANOVA) at p = 0.05. Means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test of the SPSS analytical software. There were significant differences among the treatments for the parameters measured. pH value was highest in cattle dung soil (5.78) and lowest in pig dung soil (5.48). The following soil health-indicator bacteria (cellulolytic bacteria, amylolytic bacteria, proteolytic bacteria, Phosphate solubilizing bacteria, Nitrogen fixing bacteria and Actinobacteria) were identified. Microbial analyses showed that soil samples from pig dung had significantly higher microbial counts and isolates of interest compared to others except phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Probable fungi (Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus) accompanying bacterial isolates were observed and identified. Isolates subjected to molecular identification were identified as P. aeruginosa, B. cereus, K. pneumoniae, B. substilis and B. thuringiensis with 99% similarity search identity. Statistical analysis revealed that relationship exists between the physicochemical parameters and microbes isolated. The study observed an imbalance in the microbial population and diversity which could be because of the adaptability of the microbes to the different acidic condition observed. Keywords: Soil acidification, Livestock farms, Soil microbiota, Soil health Word Count: 288Item Toxicological Assessment on Clarias gariepinus (Cat Fish) Exposed to Leachates from Awotan Landfill, Ibadan Oyo State, Nigeria(Lead City University, 2023-12) John Opeoluwa OTITOOLASolid waste disposal is a major environmental and public health concern in Nigeria. Leachate samples collected from Awotan landfill in Ibadan were investigated for their genotoxicity using juveniles of Clarias gariepinus as the bioindicator species. The leachates' physico-chemical qualities and heavy metal characteristics were analyzed using standard methods. Samples of juveniles were obtained from the Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management University of Ibadan and transported to the Biology Laboratory at Lead City University, where they were acclimatized in chlorine-free borehole water for 14 days. After the acclimation period, the toxicity assessment setup was initiated at the Animal House, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences. Five treatment bowls including control (0%), 5%, 10%, 25% and 50% (v/v leachate/distilled water) of leachate samples in triplicates were prepared, and 15 juveniles of Clarias gariepinus were introduced into each of the treatment bowls, where they were cultured and observed for 21 days. Haematology analysis of the blood, histopathology analyses of the liver and gel electrophoresis on p53gene were performed on C. gariepinus at the end of the culture period. The physico-chemical characteristics of the leachate (electrical conductivity, 4200 ± 13.0 S/m; total dissolved solids, 2450 ± 14.4 mg/L, nitrate, 87.00 ± 5.7 mg/L, and phosphate, 3.134 ± 0.11 mg/L) and heavy metals concentrations (copper, 9.28 ± 3.2 μm; manganese 45.64 ± 6.3 mg/L; and iron, 604.48 ± 10.62 mg/L) exceeded the SON and WHO recommended limits for physico-chemical and heavy metals. The haematological test showed that high concentrations of the leachate samples significantly reduced the number of red blood cells, haemoglobin, white blood cells, and packed cell volume in C. gariepinus. Histological examinations showed liver damage, with the highest leachate concentration (50%) leading to steatosis. The molecular analysis revealed that Clarias gariepinus, exhibits no genetic diversity within the tumour protein (TP53). Keywords: Leachates, Clarias gariepinus, Genotoxicity, Heavy metals World count: 299Item Potential Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination on Renal and Thyroid Functions in Apparently Healthy Population in Ibadan, Nigeria(Lead City University, 2023-12) Olufisayo Idowu FAMUYIWASars-CoV-2 vaccines have proven effective against COVID-19 infection, but their probable adverse effects, especially on renal and thyroid health, remain a cause for concern in some populations. The overall safety and efficacy of currently available Sars-CoV-2 vaccines have been reported, while few studies have documented post-vaccination complications in the kidney and thyroid. There is currently paucity of such complications in our environment. This study assessed the effects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on renal and thyroid functions of apparently healthy individuals in Ibadan, Oyo State. It was a cross sectional study carried out following the Oyo State Ethical Board’ approval. The study population comprised eighty-two SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated and eighty-six unvaccinated apparently healthy male, and female individuals, ages 18 to 65 years. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain the sociodemographic history of the participants. Ten milliliters of blood samples were obtained for the determination of the serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone, free tri iodothyronine and thyroxine, urea, creatinine, C-reactive protein (CRP), glycated hemoglobin, and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using standard procedures. The data obtained were statistically analyzed, and the results showed that mean levels of the CRP, glycated hemoglobin, kidney, and thyroid function markers in the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups were not significantly (p > 0.05) different, and were within the reference ranges. The prevalence of thyroid and renal dysfunction showed that 3.6 % (3) of the vaccinated individuals had slightly elevated CRP (1.3 %), FF4 (1.3 %), and TSH (1.3 %). These values were not statistically significant when compared with the unvaccinated group. The estimated levels of thyroid and renal markers six months post Sars-CoV-2 vaccination in this study were within the reference values, and thus, apparently substantiate the safety of the currently available Sars-CoV-2 vaccines in Oyo State, Nigeria. However, the slightly elevated levels of some of these markers in 3.6 % of the population studied cannot be ignored. It is therefore safe to suggest that a medical follow up beyond six months of vaccination should be encouraged. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; thyroid; kidney; vaccination; C-reactive protein Word count: 300Item Detection of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Influenza A and B Viral Infections in COVID-19 Negative Individuals in Oyo State Nigeria(Lead City University, 2023-12) Adefunke Iyabo AKINOLARespiratory Syncytial virus (RSV), an enveloped, non-segmented RNA, is one of the most common causes of severe respiratory infections in children and older adults worldwide. This study investigated RSV and Influenza Viruses A and B in older adults and children aged 5 and below who tested negative for COVID-19. A total number of 206 COVID-19 negative samples were tested, viral RNA was extracted using a QUIGEN RNA Purification kit and Real time PCR was performed using an Allplex TM RSV/Flu A/Flu B kit. Results showed a mean age of 2.97 for children and 33.50 for adults. There was a negative association between gender and infections with RSV (P-value 0.589) and influenza B (p-value 0.250) both ≥ 0.05 in children, but a positive association in adults. (p-value, 0.000 ≤ 0.005). Approximately, 52.0% of the total participants were from Oyo South while 37% from Oyo central and 5% from Oyo North, 6% did not disclose their location. The prevalence of influenza B and RSV in children 2.8% each was in Oyo Central, while in adults, the prevalence of influenza A and B, 1% each was in Oyo Central and Oyo South, and 2.0%; RSV, 1. % from Central and 1% from those who did not disclose their location. There was no positive association between location and outcome of infection with RSV and Influenza B (p- value 0.482). The prevalence of RSV in children was 2.8%, Influenza A was 0% and Influenza B was 2.8%, while in older adults, RSV was 2% and influenza A and B were 1% each. This study detected RSV, influenza A and B viral infections in COVID-19-negative individuals. There is a need to investigate other possible etiologies of respiratory tract infections in Sars -cov-2-negative symptomatic individuals. Keywords: Prevalence, infections, RSV, RNA, Influenza. Word Count: 293Item Toxicological Assessment of Levonorgestrel (Postinor 2) Intake in Selected Reproductive and Vital Organs in Animal Model(Lead City University, 2023-12) Catherine Bosede ADENIJIIncreased sexual activities among adolescents have resulted in the indiscriminate use of contraceptives. This study assessed the toxicological effects of levonorgestrel (LNG) intake on reproductive and vital organs in a rat model. Sixty Wistar rats weighing between 110 and 120 g were randomized into three groups (n = 20). Groups A and B were administered 1.83 mg/kg BW of LNG once and twice a week respectively, and group C served as the control. Five animals from each group were sacrificed at 30, 60, and 90 days, while the last batch was left for 30 days for post-treatment recovery. The effect of LNG on the estrous cycle was assessed through physical and cytological evaluations. The uterus, ovary, liver, and kidney were investigated for possible anomalies through histopathological examination and biochemical analyses. Hormonal changes were assessed by measuring the serum levels of progesterone (P4), estradiol (E2), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) using the ELISA technique. Effects of LNG on fertilization, implantation, and tissue inflammation were assessed by measuring progesterone-associated endometrial protein (PAEP), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), prolactin (PRL), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB), and Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α) using ELISA. Hepatotoxicity was determined by measuring aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) using standard spectrophotometric methods. Similarly, nephrotoxicity was determined via cystatin C, urea, creatinine, BUN, and the BUN- creatinine ratio levels. Oxidative damage was assessed by determining the tissue activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), including the concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA), using standard procedures. LNG prolonged the metestrus phase of the estrous cycle. Hyperplastic degeneration, disseminated congestion, and extensive tubular necrosis were found in the uterus, liver, and kidney of the treated groups. P4 was normal, LH, FSH, TNF-α, and NF-kB were markedly elevated with LNG treatment, while E2, PAEP, LIF, PRL, and SHBG were decreased. Serum AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, Cystatin C, creatinine, and urea were significantly elevated. GSH level and CAT, GPx, and SOD activities were significantly lowered, whereas MDA level was increased. LNG treatment caused time- and dose-dependent hormonal modulation and organ toxicity. The uterus and liver were particularly affected, and animals exposed to LNG twice a week apparently suffered more assaults. The ability of the animals to recover following drug withdrawal was more evident in the once-weekly treated group, particularly with respect to hormonal, liver, and kidney aberrations. Keywords: Levonorgestrel, estrus cycle, uterus, ovary, hormonal imbalance Word Count: 402Item Prevalence of Pulmonary Mycobacterial Infections and their Risk Factors among Inmates of Agodi Custodial Centre Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria(Lead City University, 2023-12) ADEGOKE Olusola AndrewPrison represents dynamic communities with congregation of risk factors of Mycobacterial infections, other diseases and its transmission. The study determines the prevalence of mycobacterial infections that is yet to be studied in Agodi Custodial Center, Oyo State, Nigeria. A total of two hundred (200) sputum samples were collected from the inmates who have been coughing for weeks or more between January and June, 2022. Structured Questionnaires were administered to the eligible inmates to capture bio-data and TB risk factors. National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Program (NTBLCP) Algorithm of test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis was strictly followed in addition to genetic relatedness of the isolates which was determined using Phylogenic analysis. 39.5% of the inmates tested had their average means age to be 29.5 years. Over 67.5% had secondary education as their highest educational qualification. Out of 19.5% that were positive for Gene Xpert MTB/RIF assay 10% were Rifampicin sensitive, 1.5% were Rifampicin resistant and 8.5% were Rifampicin Indeterminate. Respondent educational status (p=0.000), HIV status (p=0.000), those with cough for two or more weeks (p=0.008) and those previously treated for TB (p=0.002) respectively were statistically significantly associated with mycobacterial infection. Culture result captured the overall prevalence of mycobacterial infections in Agodi prisons to be 21%. Out of this Mycobacterium tuberculosis was 10%, Mycobacterium bovis was 5%, Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM) was 6% Mycobacterium fortuitum dominated among the NTM, Mycobacterium chelonie in lesser percentage .The overall anti-TB resistance was found to be 11.5% with Rifampicin resistance 70.0% and 76.6% by LPA (molecular) phenotypic proportion method respectively. The study show that the prevalence of mycobacterial infection with concomitant drug resistance is high among the inmates at Agodi Custodial Center with overcrowding as the most associated factor. Therefore, prison decongestion, architectural design and infection control measures are recommended to stop the high rate of mycobacterial infections. Key words: Mycobacterial infection, Prison inmates, Tuberculosis, Risk factors, Rifampicin Resistant.Item Assessment of Cytotoxic Effects of Selected Medicinal Plants on Human Cervical, Breast and Lung Cancer Cell lines(Lead City University, 2023-12) Oluwaseun Akinyemi, ADEDEJICancer remains a leading cause of death globally. Reports of severe adverse effects of anticancer drugs call for newer therapies from natural products. This study aims to investigate the cytotoxic effects of six medicinal plant extracts on human cervical (HeLa), breast (MCF-7) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines. The plant extracts were assayed for cytotoxicity using MTT assay method. The selectivity index was determined with the use of non-tumorigenic cell line (KMST- 6). The most active plant was evaluated for its apoptotic effects and its effects on oxidative stress markers of the selected cell lines. Phytochemical composition of the most active plant extract was determined by GC-MS analysis. The leaf extract of Ficus benjamina has the highest cytotoxic effects on the cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 17.56, 33.35 and 33.57 µg/ml on HeLa, MCF-7, and A549 cell lines respectively. Other plant extracts exhibited low cytotoxic effects with IC50 >100µg/ml. The leaf extract of Ficus benjamina possesses a selectivity index (SI) of 2.2 in the HeLa cell line. At p≤0.05, Bax protein level was significantly higher in MCF-7, while caspase-9 and 3 were significantly higher in HeLa cell line. Activities of SOD increases in all the cell lines but significantly in MCF-7 (p≤0.05). The activities of GST and the levels of GSH were significantly reduced in MCF-7 and A549. LPO and NO were lowered significantly in all cancer cell lines (p≤0.05). The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds (Phytol and Tocopherols) and terpenoids (Eicosyne and Eicosane). The extract of F. benjamina induces apoptosis in HeLa and MCF-7. The analysis of bioactive compounds showed that the extract posseses antioxidant and antiflammatory properties. This study suggests that the leaf of F. benjamina could be a source of potential and safe anticancer drug against cervical cancer. Keywords: Medicinal plants, Cancer cell lines, Cytotoxicity, Selectivity index. Word Count: 293