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Item Nigeria’s Foreign Policy under President Muhammadu BuhariAdministration (2015-2023)(Lead City University Ibadan, 2025-12) Oladayo James OLALEREThe administration of President Muhammadu Buhari (2015-2023) ushered in a transformative era for Nigeria's foreign policy, aiming to elevate the nation to a position of regional leadership and a prominent player on the global stage, while navigating a myriad of domestic obstacles. With an expansive network of over 100 foreign missions, ranging from bustling embassies to consulates, Nigeria's diplomatic approach underscored a commitment to deepening international relationships, cultivating economic partnerships, safeguarding the welfare of its citizens, and launching robust security initiatives. Yet, this ambition was often tempered by the stark realities of underfunding and bureaucratic bottlenecks. The contours of Buhari's foreign policy were significantly shaped by a backdrop of internal turmoil, such as the relentless Boko Haram insurgency and a biting economic recession. These challenges prompted a focused effort on regional security, economic diversification, and robust anti-corruption measures. In contrast to previous administrations that placed heavy emphasis on Afrocentric leadership, Buhari's strategy took a more inward-looking approach, emphasizing Nigeria's unique context and challenges. Strategic diplomatic missions in key locations such as Washington, D.C., Beijing, and Addis Ababa became vital conduits for advancing Nigeria's interests on the world stage. These missions played a pivotal role in fostering collaborative security efforts to combat terrorism in the Lake Chad Basin, as exemplified by initiatives such as the Multinational Joint Task Force. Here, diplomacy served as both shield and sword in the nation's quest form stability. Economic diplomacy emerged as a focal point, with missions tirelessly working to attract foreign investment, as evidenced by significant Chinese inflows and high-profile trade summits held in the heart of London. Moreover, these diplomatic outposts adeptly navigated the turbulent waters of regional relations, particularly following the controversial border closure with ECOWAS neighbors, reflecting Nigeria's intense commitment to regional collaboration, even in trying times. Keywords: Diplomacy, Foreign Policy, Foreign Missions, Nigeria. Word Count: 295Item Comparative Analysis of Human Trafficking Law Enforcement and Prosecution of Offenders in Nigeria and the United Kingdom(Lead City University Ibadan, 2025-12) Taiwo Tiwalade KAREEMThis study compared how Nigeria and the United Kingdom respond to the problem of human trafficking through their laws, enforcement systems, and prosecution of offenders. It addressed the gap between having anti-trafficking laws and actually implementing them effectively, using Rational Choice Theory and Structural Violence Theory to explain why traffickers thrive and why state responses often fall short. The research adopted a qualitative comparative design, relying on secondary data such as government reports, case records, and legal documents from both countries. Relevant documents were selected through purposive sampling, while data were analysed using thematic and content analysis techniques. Information was organised into comparative tables to assess legal frameworks, prosecution outcomes, and victim protection measures. Findings showed that the UK recorded better outcomes in terms of prosecution and victim support, with about 84% of referred cases receiving legal attention, compared to Nigeria’s 36% between 2015 and 2023. While, both countries still face issues like under-reporting, delayed justice, and weak aftercare for victims. The study concluded that having strong laws is not enough, what matters is how well they are enforced and how victims are supported throughout the process. Based on the research findings and objectives, recommendations. In order to improve legal frameworks, both Nigeria and the UK should review and update their anti-trafficking laws to close loopholes, strengthen enforcement, by decentralizing NAPTIP, while he UK enhance integration among law enforcement agencies, through shared digital platforms and policy alignment. In order to improve prosecution outcomes and victim protection, Nigeria should create incentives for victim cooperation by offering witness protection and legal aid. In order to address legal and institutional gaps, both countries should invest in comprehensive data management systems to track cases from identification to prosecution. Finally, it is also recommended that reinforcement in public engagement sustained awareness campaigns should be designed to target communities, schools, and transport hubs. Keywords: Human trafficking, victim support, Modern Slavery Act, TIPPEA Act, enforcement, prosecution, Nigeria, United Kingdom. Word count: 307Item Digitalization and Youth Unemployment in Ibadan North Local Government Area, Oyo State(Lead City University Ibadan, 2025-12) Tuibat Onono ISMAILNigeria Continues to struggle with high rate of youth unemployment despite rapid global digital advancement and the rapid growth of digital economy. The inability of many young people to access digital tools, affordable internet and relevant digital skills has widened the unemployment gap, leaving a large portion of youth unemployed. This study examined the relationship between digitalization and youth unemployment in Ibadan North Local Government Area, Nigeria. The study filled an empirical gap by providing localized evidence on the relationship between digitalization and youth employability anchored on human capital theory, technological determinism and dual Economy theory. The study adopted descriptive survey design, targeting youths between the age of 18 and 35 years. Stratified random sampling was used to select 300 respondents and data were collected using structured questionnaire of which 210 valid response was analyzed using descriptive statistics through SPSS. The Findings revealed that while most respondents possess basic digital literacy, advanced digital competence significantly enhance employability and access to high level digital jobs in Ibadan North Local government. Digital entrepreneurship also proved to be a strong driver of innovation and self reliance among youths. The study concludes that digitalization, when strategically harnessed, has transformative potential to reduce youth unemployment and drive inclusive economic growth. The study recommends increased investment in digital infrastructure, policy reforms and youth centered digital training initiatives Keywords: Digitalization, Youth Unemployment, Digital Literacy, Digital skills, Digital Entrepreneurship, Human Capital Theory, Technological Determinism, Dual Economy Theory Ibadan North Word Count: 221Item The Implementation of United Nations’ Universal Basic Education and Sustainable Development in Nigeria: Issues and Prospects (2019-2024)(Lead City University Ibadan, 2025-12) Faidat Adeola BADMUSThis study critically examines the implementation of the United Nations’ Universaln Basic Education (UBE) programme in Nigeria between 2019 and 2024, focusing on its role in advancing sustainable development. Grounded in the Human Capital and Social Justice Theories, the research explores the interplay between basic education, economic growth, and social equity, addressing systemic barriers such as gender discrimination, resource constraints, infrastructural deficiencies, and political instability. The study adopts a mixed-methods approach, employing questionnaire and interview as primary data collection tools, complemented by statistical and thematic analyses. The population includes key stakeholders, teachers, school administrators, policymakers, community leaders and the primary beneficiaries of UBE, namely the pupils across rural and urban settings. The findings reveal that despite its vital role in literacy, poverty alleviation, and resilience building, the effective implementation of UBE is hindered by underfunding, teacher shortages, and mismanagement of resources, gender-based discrimination, and unequal access. The results underscore the urgent need for improved governance, targeted teacher training, inclusive policies, and active community engagement. These measures are pivotal in addressing both systemic bottlenecks and socio-cultural constraints, thereby making basic education more equitable and sustainable. In conclusion, UBE serves as both catalyst and cornerstone for Nigeria’s sustainable development, aligning closely with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 4. By addressing the identified gaps and aligning policies with international best practices, Nigeria can foster inclusive economic growth, social resilience, and long-term national prosperity for all stakeholders, especially its children and youth. Keywords: Universal Basic Education, Sustainable Development, Human Capital Theory, Social Justice Theory, Nigeria. Word Count: 239Item Public- Private Partnerships in Electricity Distribution: Lessons from IBEDC’s Operations in Oyo State (South-West)(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Damilola Olaoti MUSTAPHAIn recent time Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) have emerged as a prominent strategy to enhance efficiency, innovation, and resource mobilization and also to improve effective service delivery in Nigeria. The aim of the study is to comprehensively access the role of Public Private Partnership in improving public service delivery in Oyo State, Nigeria, focusing on the case of Ibadan Electricity Distribution Company (IBEDC) from 2019 to 2024. To achieve this study it adopted the mixed method that is both qualitative and quantitative method. For further understanding theory like the stakeholder theory was adopted. The findings revealed general agreement on the importance of service delivery improvement, financial investment, and leveraging private sector expertise in adopting PPPs in the power sector. Based on the findings the study concluded that PPPs play a critical role in enhancing public service delivery in Oyo State. And it further recommends that the key factors such as transparent governance, innovative financing mechanisms, and effective community engagement are essential for the success of PPP initiatives. Keywords: Public- Private Partnerships, Electricity Distribution, IBEDC’s, Oyo State Word Count: 166Item Effects of Superpower Veto Privilege on United Nation’s Conflict Resolution Capacity in Israeli -Palestine Armed Conflict, 2014-2024(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025) Moyin Eunice AMUREProlonged conflicts in the international system continue to threaten global stability and obstruct the attainment of sustainable peace. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, one of the most protracted and politically sensitive disputes in modern history, has been marked by recurring hostilities, extensive civilian casualties, and severe humanitarian crises. Between 2014 and 2024, the United Nations (UN) actively engaged in diplomatic initiatives, humanitarian interventions, and mediation efforts aimed at de-escalating tensions and fostering conditions for lasting peace. However, the persistence of the conflict raises critical questions about the organization’s capacity to deliver sustainable conflict resolution, particularly within the institutional constraints of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). The purpose of this research is to examine the role of the UN in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict during this period, with emphasis on the implications of superpower veto privileges within the UNSC. Anchored in Liberal Institutionalism and Conflict Transformation Theory, this research employs a qualitative design based on documentary analysis, drawing on UN resolutions, official records, scholarly publications, and credible media sources. Findings reveal that while the UN has facilitated ceasefire agreements, adopted General Assembly resolutions, and provided sustained humanitarian support through the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), these measures have not secured a durable settlement. The repeated use of veto power, particularly by the United States in support of Israel has obstructed resolutions aimed at addressing breaches of international law, entrenched political stalemate, weakened perceptions of neutrality, and diminished the UN’s legitimacy in asymmetric conflicts. This research recommends curbing the misuse of veto privileges, strengthening compliance mechanisms with international law, and reforming decision-making processes within the UNSC to promote fairness, impartiality, and effectiveness in global conflict resolution. Keywords: United Nations, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, superpower veto, conflict resolution. Word Count: 276Item Effects of Global Digital Platforms on Women’s Economic Rights in Nigeria (2019-2025)(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Nafisat Oluwaseun AMUDAThis study investigates how digital globalization shapes women’s economic rights in Nigeria, with particular attention to the impact of global digital platforms, emerging digitalization tools, and the socio-cultural and infrastructural constraints that influence women’s ability to participate meaningfully in the digital economy. Although existing scholarship acknowledges the growing relevance of digital access, limited research interrogates the gendered dynamics embedded within global digital systems and the structural barriers that affect how Nigerian women engage with and benefit from digital economic opportunities. To address this gap, the study draws on Legal Pluralism, World-Systems Theory, and Symbolic Interactionism to examine how overlapping legal regimes, global technological hierarchies, and everyday gendered interactions collectively shape women’s financial autonomy and digital agency. Employing a qualitative case study design, the research engaged 70 participants, comprising 60 digitally active women and 10 key informants from three Nigerian geopolitical zones. Data were generated through semi-structured interviews using stratified and purposive sampling techniques, and analyzed thematically. Attention was given to both urban and rural experiences to highlight regional disparities in digital access and capability. Ethical protocols, including informed consent, confidentiality, and voluntary participation, were rigorously observed. Findings reveal that global digital platforms such as e-commerce sites, fintech applications, and social media marketplaces provide women with unprecedented avenues for entrepreneurship, income diversification, and financial inclusion. However, persistent barriers including cultural restrictions, infrastructural deficits, digital illiteracy, cybersecurity threats, and weak legal protections limit women’s full participation. Participants also reported emotional stress and exposure to online harassment, exacerbated by inadequate regulatory frameworks. The study concludes that while digital globalization holds transformative potential for advancing women’s economic rights, these benefits cannot be fully realized without gender-responsive reforms, inclusive digital policies, and harmonized legal frameworks tailored to Nigeria’s socio-cultural realities. Key words: Digital Globalization, Women’s Economic Rights, Digital Economy, Gendered Barriers, Nigeria Legal, Socio-Cultural Constraints Word Count: 282Item Influence of Twitter on Public Diplomacy between Nigeria and China Relations, 2015-2023(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Gbemisola Aminat AKINLOYEDiplomatic tools come in response to a rapidly globalising world where communication and influence no longer hinge solely on state-level negotiations. With the rise of digital platforms, social media has emerged as a critical component in the global communication landscape, offering governments, institutions, and individuals a platform to engage in dialogue, promote cultural exchange, and influence global opinions. Drawing on Soft Power theory, Constructivist theory, and Agenda-Setting theory, the research interrogates how digital platforms reshape narratives, identities, and issue salience in bilateral engagement. Employing qualitative content analysis of secondary sources, official communications, news reports, academic literature, and archived social-media content, the study traces patterns of state and non-state digital interaction and their implications for trade, culture, education, and governance. Findings indicate that social media has amplified diplomatic visibility and broadened participatory channels: Nigerian and Chinese actors use platforms to project national images, mobilize support for initiatives, and sustain people-to-people exchanges. Soft power dynamics surface in cultural programming and educational outreach; constructivist processes explain how online discourse produces evolving identities and norms; and agenda-setting mechanisms reveal how actors prioritize issues to shape public attention. However, these opportunities coexist with significant risks, misinformation, platform asymmetries, uneven digital literacy, censorship, and regulatory uncertainty, which erode trust and complicate coordination. The study argues that realizing digital diplomacy’s benefits requires policy frameworks that promote media literacy, incentivize cross-platform engagement, institutionalize transparent communication practices, and support collaborative fact- checking. By centring an African perspective on digital diplomacy, the research contributes empirically grounded insights for diplomats, policymakers, and scholars seeking to harness social media for more informed, resilient, and equitable Nigeria–China engagement. Keywords: Twitter, Public Diplomacy, Social Media, Nigeria–China Relations Word Count: 265Item Comparative Appraisal of Nature and Management of Nagorno-Karabakh Region and Nigeria-Bakassi Pennisula Crises(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Adekunle Abdulkabir AKINLADEThis study investigates the complex dynamics of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and the Nigeria- Bakassi Peninsula dispute, two significant territorial conflicts that share common elements despite geographical distance and highlight the interplay of historical grievances, ethnic identities, and geopolitical interests. The former primarily involves Armenia and Azerbaijan, deeply rooted in ethnic tensions about historical claims to the land, being a flashpoint since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Ethnic nationalism and external regional powers such as Russia and Turkey, driving this conflict complicates resolution efforts, often exacerbating tensions while attempting to mediate peace. The latter centres around ambiguous colonial-era borders, and competing claims over the resource-rich Bakassi Peninsula, which is strategically important for both Nigeria and Cameroon. Three theories are adopted to espouse the work, relying on ample utilisation of secondary data, and content analysis as potent instrument for achieving the comparison. The pivotal 2002 ruling by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) was in favour of Cameroon. Findings from this comparative analysis reveals broader geopolitical implications of both conflicts and emphasises the necessity for inclusive dialogue that considers local perspectives. Effective conflict resolution requires not only legal and diplomatic interventions but also an understanding of the historical and cultural contexts that underpin these territorial disputes. Russia’s historical ties to Armenia and Turkey’s support for Azerbaijan illustrate how external interests can hinder progress. Recommendations include using education to address historical narratives and national identities, promoting long term reconciliation and cultural identities, integration of economic development strategies, prioritising inclusive dialogue and negotiation. Ultimately, this research contributes to understanding of territorial conflicts, illustrating the interplay of local, national, and international dynamics. Keywords: Colonial Legacies, Conflict Resolution, Ethnic Identity, Geopolitics, External Factors, Resource Control Word Count: 282Item Periodic Assessment of Relations between European Union and African Union (2017-2022)(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Oluwakayode Courage AKINKAHUNSIThis study assessed the nature, key policy issues, operational challenges, and future prospects of African Union (AU) and European Union (EU) relations between 2017 and 2022 with the objective of determining whether the relationship reflects mutual cooperation or structural asymmetry. It addressed the gap in existing literature by offering a critical and data-driven synthesis of AU–EU interactions using Dependency Theory and Neo-Gramscian Analysis to interpret how financial, diplomatic, and policy instruments reproduce historical patterns of inequality. The research adopted a qualitative descriptive design. The population comprised institutional documents, policy declarations, summits, funding records, and partnership frameworks produced by both AU and EU between 2017 and 2022. A purposive sampling technique was used to select relevant AU and EU strategic reports, continental development plans, and financial instruments including NDICI, Global Gateway, and the EUTF. Data was collected through critical documentary analysis and analyses using thematic content analysis supported by theoretical interpretation. Findings revealed that while over €50 billion was invested by the EU into Africa during the period under review, most initiatives prioritised European geostrategic concerns such as migration control and regional security. African actors were frequently positioned as policy recipients rather than co-designers, and internal fragmentation within the AU further weakened collective bargaining power. The study concluded that although AU-EU relations have matured in form, they remain imbalanced in substance. It therefore recommends a recalibration of the partnership to promote African ownership, reduced conditionality, and inclusive implementation mechanisms, anchored in continental priorities like AfCFTA and Agenda 2063. Further, the African Union should institutionalise periodic independent reviews of its engagements with the EU; to address the EU’s dominant themes and strategic interests, the AU must strengthen its internal consultation mechanisms to formulate unified continental positions in areas such as digital policy, migration, and security; to confront the recurring challenges in the partnership, the AU should invest in building autonomous continental structures. Finally, in deciding whether to continue or delink, the AU must pursue strategic diversification. Keywords: AU-EU Relations, Dependency Theory, Global Gateway, Development Partnership Word Count: 336Item African Union’s Diplomatic Strategies for Addressing Climate Change-Related Security Threats, 2015-2024(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Joy Fiyinfoluwa AFOLABIClimate change has emerged as a major driver of insecurity across Africa, intensifying conflict, displacement, poverty, and humanitarian crises. This study investigates how the African Union (AU) employed diplomacy to address climate change as a security threat between 2015 and 2024. It examines how the AU reframed climate change from an environmental concern into an urgent security issue requiring coordinated regional and global responses. Guided by Securitization Theory, the research analyzes the processes through which climate risks were presented as threats demanding immediate diplomatic and policy action. A qualitative research design was adopted, relying primarily on AU summit declarations, communiqués, climate-security policy frameworks, peace and security reports, and relevant academic literature. Thematic analysis was used to examine documents produced between 2015 and 2024. The findings show that the AU made notable progress in elevating climate–security linkages, especially through the African Climate Change and Resilient Development Strategy (2022–2032), the AU Climate Change and Security Framework, and the alignment of AU strategies with global commitments like the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, the study also reveals persistent challenges that weaken the AU’s diplomatic effectiveness. These include inadequate and unpredictable funding, weak institutional capacity, slow implementation mechanisms, governance constraints, and competing priorities such as terrorism, political instability, and economic crises. The study concludes that while the AU has successfully advanced recognition\ of the climate–security nexus, greater effort is required to integrate climate-security considerations into Africa’s peace and security architecture. It recommends predictable climate- security financing, stronger implementation structures, and enhanced cooperation among AU organs, regional bodies, and international partners. Strengthening early-warning systems and mainstreaming climate-risk assessments into peace operations will further support proactive and coordinated responses to climate-related security threats in Africa. Keywords: African Union, Climate Change, Security, Diplomacy, Securitization Theory, Conflict Prevention Word Count: 287Item Conflict Resolution and Peacekeeping Interventions of United Nations Security Council in Israeli-Palestinian Conflict(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Iseoluwa Mofoluwaso AFOLABIThis research analyses the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) and its peacekeeping and conflict resolution role within the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, one of the longest and most complicated conflicts in international politics. This research describes and investigates the interventions of the UNSC, including key resolutions such as UNSC 242 and 2334, assessing both their diplomatic significance and limitations in enforcement. At the heart of the research is a discussion of how power politics, particularly the veto power of the P5 (China, Russia, France, UK and USA) shape the ability of the Council to take decisive actions. The findings of this study expose a deeply rooted issue of political bias, strategic alliance and shortcomings in the United Nations Security Council. The United States consistent vetoes in defense of Israeli interests are highlighted as a major hinderance to impartial conflict mediation. In addition, the presence of non-state actors like Hamas, regional crises, and humanitarian crises further complicate peacekeeping efforts. Despite these challenges, the UNSC remains a key institution in legitimizing peace efforts, setting international norms, and facilitating dialogue. However, the gap between its mandate and practical outcomes reveals structural weaknesses that demand urgent reforms within the UNSC especially concerning the veto power. This research contributes to ongoing debates on international peace and security, advocating for a more effective and impartial UNSC capable of addressing deep rooted conflicts. Without meaningful reforms to limit political interference, the UNSC will continue to fall short in addressing conflicts. Keywords: United Nations Security Council, Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Conflict Resolution, Peacekeeping, Veto Power, Power Politics. Word Count: 241Item Women and Employment Challenges in Contemporary Politics: An Analysis of Social Exclusion in Germany and Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Omoniyi Temisanren OGODO-BACHWithin the context of modern politics, the examination of women's role and their engagement in the labour market has emerged as a pivotal field of scholarly inquiry. Although significant advancements have been achieved in numerous nations with regards to gender equality, persistent challenges remain, particularly within the realm of social exclusion. This research study delves into the critical analysis of women and employment challenges in contemporary politics with a bird’s- eye-view on social exclusion in Germany and Nigeria. The research objectives are to investigate the status of women's political employment in the political sphere in Germany and Nigeria, and to examine the political employment challenges experienced by women in Germany and Nigeria. The research study employed the social exclusion theory and theory of intersectionality and employment to elucidate women and employment challenges in the two countries. The research adopted descriptive design with qualitative approach using Key informant interview, with interview guide as instrument for data collection. The population of the study consisted of 10 women selected and equally from Nigeria and Germany. These women will be selected as a result of their participation in politics so as to investigate their participation with respect to their employment challenges in contemporary politics. Snowballing sampling technique was adopted in selecting 10 women each from Germany and Nigeria. The study finds that the political situation for women in Germany and Nigeria demonstrates both advancements and persistent obstacles in attaining gender parity. The concept of Germany has made significant progress in achieving gender equality through the implementation of laws and the introduction of gender quotas specific to political parties. By the year 2025, women are projected to occupy almost 35% of the seats in the Bundestag, showcasing a substantial growth in their political engagement. Nigeria is said to have 85% to 15% men and women ration in Nigerian politics. Out of the 15% accrued to women, only about 5% are able to rise and compete with men in the Nigerian political sphere. The findings revealed that in Nigeria, there is a notable lack of women's participation in politics, as women now hold a mere 6.4% of the seats in the National Assembly as of 2023. However, findings revealed that there are still persistent obstacles like gender-based violence, patriarchal norms and godfatherism, cultural preconceptions and economic disparities to achieving full gender parity and social inclusion in politics. The study recommends the enhancement of gender quotas and support systems, legal reforms and the promotion of cultural and societal change. Keywords: Gender, Employment challenges, Social Exclusion, Politics, Nigeria, Germany. Word Count: 422Item Politics of Neo-liberalism in the Oil and Gas Sector of Nigeria’s Fourth Republic(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Samson Olusegun OYEFOLUustainable growth and development. The oil and gas sector since the beginning of the Fourth Republic has been taken through series of neoliberal reforms with a view to addressing crises bedevilling the sector in Nigeria’s economy. The study specifically examined politics of neoliberalism in the oil and gas sector of Nigeria's Fourth Republic. The study was guided by dependency, state interventionist, institutional and resource curse theoretical orientations. While relying on descriptive and exploratory research designs, the study adopted Mixed Methods Research (MMR) – a triangulation of both quantitative and qualitative methods. Instruments of questionnaire and Key Informant Interviews were used to collect both quantitative and qualitative data respectively. Quantitative data analysis was done using simple percentage, while thematic analysis was used for qualitative data. Research findings established that neoliberal reforms in the current oil and gas sector have deepened social inequalities with the rising cost of living and failure to adequately address environmental sustainability, raising questions about the holistic effectiveness of the role of state structure in the sector. Again, the findings further exposed that the major interest driving energy policy making under neoliberalism is market forces and the corresponding drive for primitive capital accumulation at both local and international levels. Given the continued interest of government towards embracing neoliberal reforms in the sector with limited concerns about the wellbeing of the people, the study concluded by expressing pessimism about the future of oil and gas sector under the current administration. Hence, major recommendations include south-south cooperation and state-led approach for sustainable development of the Nigeria’s economy. Keywords: Oil and gas sector, Fourth Republic, neoliberalism, Nigeria, Politics Word Count: 282Item Paradox of Contemporary Religious Practices and Politics of Peace in South West Nigeria (1999-2024)(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Philip Olugbemiga OYEDAPOReligion, like politics is one of the most pervasive and powerful forces on earth and very core in human relationship. Religious ideas have infiltrated families, societies, politics and cultures. Both religion and politics are intertwined, aggressive and compromising. Religion is no longer a matter of self-interest in pursuit of higher truths and worship of the Supreme Being, rather, religion has been deeply rooted in socio-political worldviews. It is true that religion contributes to human value, at the same time, history clearly shows that religion has often been linked directly to the worst examples of human attitude and behaviour in relation to other people whether at individual or corporate levels. This study examines the paradox of religious practices and politics of peace employed to resolve religious conflicts. Religious practices are fraught with intricate and complex contradictions. While religion promises peace, it is equally used as an instrument of violent conflicts. Politics of peace involves socio-cultural, political and relational mechanisms engaged to resolve conflicts by governmental and non-governmental actors. A mixed-method comprising the instrument of questionnaire and key informant interview with purposive sampling of 513 participants for survey and 60 key informants across south western Nigeria was conducted. Findings show that several contradictions in religious practices engender conflicts which politics of peace has not yet been able to adequately resolve owing to epistemic injustice, primordial hostilities, and inadequate interfaith dialogue among religious actors. Findings also emphasise socio-economic factors as undergirding reasons for engaging in religious malpractices. as depicted in the report in which both standardised coefficient beta (β) and unstandardized coefficient beta (β) reveal that economic elements have the most impact on both religious paradox and politics of peace. The t-value of 15.165 and the p-value of 0.000 show that sustainable peacebuilding which is predicated on religious practices and concomitant politics of peace is strongly influenced by economic elements. The study therefore, concludes that religion is a complex phenomenon and undeniably intertwined with politics, culture, ethnicity, and economic conditions and patrons of religious conflicts as well as politicians who pervert justice are primarily preoccupied with economic survival rather than pure allegiance to God or humanity. In the light of the findings and conclusion, the study recommends a more nuanced understanding of respective religious faiths and also to consider peace as an inalienable birth-right of human beings just as politics should be reconstructed as “good governance” to transform South West Nigeria. Keywords: Peace-building, Politics of peace, Religious paradox, Contemporary religious practices, Sustainable development, South West Nigeria Word count:398Item Comparative Analysis of Cryptocurrency and Terrorism Financing in Nigeria and Kenya, 2020-2025(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Abdulmalik Olalekan OLADIPUPORapid proliferation of cryptocurrency has posed significant challenges to global security, particularly in developing countries with high rates of cryptocurrency-related terrorism financing, such as Nigeria and Kenya, where terrorist organisations exploit its decentralised and pseudonymous features to fund their activities, thereby complicating traditional counterterrorism financing frameworks. This study examines comparative analysis of cryptocurrency and terrorism financing in Nigeria and Kenya focusing on Policy Challenges and International Implications. The study objectives specifically investigate terrorist strategies, evaluate regulatory framework effectiveness, assess financing network transformations, analyse global financial system interconnections, and propose tailored policy solutions with international relevance while making use of Social Network Theory and Realism theory as its Theoretical framework. A mixed-methods research design was employed, integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches; the study sampled 103 participants, with 67 from Nigeria and 36 from Kenya, using purposive sampling techniques to ensure the selection of professionals with expertise in cryptocurrency regulation, counter-terrorism financing and cybersecurity, whilst data collection involved structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews with 11 key informants, and case studies, with quantitative data analysed using descriptive statistics, including mean, and percentage distributions with SPSS 27 software, and qualitative data examined through thematic analysis using NVIVO software. Findings reveal that terrorists exploit cryptocurrency’s anonymity, with 59.70% (X̄= 0.60) of Nigerian and 61.11% (X̄= 0.61) of Kenyan respondents noting fund acquisition, and 62.69% (X̄= 0.63) and 66.67% (X̄= 0.67) confirming transaction concealment; the study demonstrates that the existing counterterrorism financing frameworks in Nigeria and Kenya are ineffective in addressing cryptocurrency-enabled terrorism financing, as evidenced by 67.16% (X̄= 0.67) in Nigeria and 72.22% (X̄= 0.72) in Kenya reporting facilitation of international transactions, whilst financing shifts to digital networks, with 58.21% (X̄= 0.58) in Nigeria and 58.33% (X̄= 0.58) using exchanges. Local markets heighten global risks, with 67.16% (X̄= 0.67) and 72.22% (X̄ = 0.72) noting financial system impacts, though policy solutions remain viable, with 74.63% (X̄= 0.75) in Nigeria and 83.33% (X̄= 0.83) in Kenya supporting security monitoring. The thematic analysis underscores Nigeria’s P2P vulnerabilities and Kenya’s mobile money gaps, corroborated by cases like Binance and Taliban financing. In conclusion, cryptocurrency markedly enhances terrorism financing through anonymity and local adaptations, rendering current frameworks ineffective and escalating regional and global security threats, necessitating advanced tools and interstate collaboration to address technological and regulatory disparities. The study recommends establishing a Diplomatic Cryptocurrency Intelligence Consortium under the African Union to deploy blockchain analytics, enhance multilateral intelligence sharing, and train diplomats in countering anonymity-driven strategies, alongside a Regional Diplomatic Technology Alliance to bridge technological gaps through forensic training and harmonised regulations, ensuring robust responses to this evolving threat in an interconnected world. Keywords: Cryptocurrency, Terrorism Financing, Policy Challenges, International System, Diplomatic Strategies. Word Counts: 444Item Impact of Sustainable Education Practices on National Development among Selected Higher Institutions in Southwest Nigeria, 2012-2024(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Michael Olatunde AGBABIAKAThe imperative of sustainable education as a catalyst for national development has become increasingly prominent in the global discourse on education and policy reform. In Nigeria, where education remains a critical determinant of socio-economic transformation, the integration of sustainable principles within the educational system is pivotal to achieving long-term national goals. This study investigates the impact of sustainable education on national development, among selected higher institutions in South West Nigeria. The research examines how these institutions implement sustainable educational practices and evaluates their contribution to economic growth, environmental consciousness, social equity, and institutional resilience. The study’s theoretical framework is grounded in sustainable development theory, emphasizing the interconnectedness of education, economy, society, and environment. Adopting a descriptive survey research design, both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from academic staff, administrators, and students across strategically chosen universities in the region. Structured questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and institutional documents formed the primary instruments for data gathering. Findings reveal that while awareness of sustainable education is growing among stakeholders in higher institutions, implementation remains fragmented and inconsistent. Curriculum integration of sustainability concepts is present in certain disciplines but lacks a unified strategy across departments and faculties. Infrastructure development in most institutions reflects some level of environmental consciousness through green buildings and waste recycling initiatives, yet these efforts are limited by inadequate funding, policy gaps, and a lack of institutional commitment. Furthermore, the research highlights the significant role that higher institutions play in driving national development through innovation, research, and community engagement. However, their potential is often undermined by challenges such as poor governance structures, limited stakeholder collaboration, and an absence of long-term sustainability planning. The study concludes that sustainable education in South West Nigerian higher institutions holds great promise for accelerating national development if supported by coherent policy frameworks, improved funding, staff training, and institutional accountability. Recommendations include the establishment of sustainability units within institutions, mandatory inclusion of sustainability education across all curricula, increased investment in research addressing local developmental issues, and stronger partnerships between academia, government, and industry. By situating sustainable education at the heart of higher learning, this study underscores its critical role in shaping future leaders and equipping graduates with the competencies required for sustainable national development. The research contributes to the broader understanding of how higher education can be strategically aligned with national development goals, particularly in emerging economies like Nigeria. The findings are expected to inform policymakers, educational planners, and institutional leaders seeking to transform the educational landscape in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially Goal 4 (Quality Education). Key Words: Sustainable Education, National Development, Higher Institution, Southwest Nigeria. Word Count: 422Item Women, Intergroup Conflict Management and Peacebuilding: Study of Selected Communities in Southeast of Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Lilian Nnenne AKHANOLUConflict is part of life and inevitable especially in relating with one another in any given situation. The way conflict is managed and/or resolved, either positively or negatively is very essential to human relations. In the pre-colonial times, women were part of various peacebuilding initiatives though it differed in level of involvement and participation with various ethnic or communities. Women contributed to the management of conflict through many communal initiatives, formal and informal means. For instance, Mrs Funmilayo Ransome Kuti, an activist who motivated others in the fight against oppression, imperialism and gender inequality. However, during the colonial era, women’s roles in conflict management and peacebuilding became underrated and not until the recent times are there improvements in those roles. Igbo women in the Southeast of Nigeria have been contributing to conflict management and peacebuilding, and contrary to the general belief that they are not allowed to have a voice in these aspects in their communities, this study examines their roles in conflict management and peacebuilding in their communities. The study adopted Snail-sense feminism theory which states that the movement of a snail is slow but steady and likewise the efforts and contribution of women to peacebuilding. Primary and secondary sources of data were used to gather information for the study. Interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with members of three communities from three state in the Southeast, Nigeria. The study found out that women get involved in certain conflicts such as stealing, fighting, infidelity between couples and cases such as murder are left for the law enforcement agents to handle. Likewise, when they fail to resolve a conflict, they refer it to the elders or ultimately the Obi Eze, the traditional rulers in the community. The study concluded that Igbo women are peacebuilders and they are also as proactive and reactive in peacebuilding as their male counterparts, all for the progress of their communities. The study therefore recommends that women should be given more opportunities and participation in these peacebuilding initiatives. And that they should be made agents of peace by giving them more support in the politics of the region which can be achieved by the region giving some percentage of slots to women for the Houses of Assembly. This will greatly trigger more participation of women in politics and consequently showcase them in peacebuilding at state levels instead of being village and clans’ champions alone. Also, girl child education which will empower the women to do more in the future should be prioritized in the communities. Keywords: Women, Conflict Management, Peacebuilding, Southeast. Word Count: 420Item Women Political Representation and Gender Equality in Southern Nigeria 2015-2024(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Harriet Uche NWEKEThis study examined women political representation and gender equality in Southern Nigeria, with a specific focus on Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG5) aiming at achieving Gender Equality by 2030. Theoretically, the study reviewed the Feminist, Equity and the Systems perspectives of the research topic. The descriptive research design was adopted in this research. The data analyzed in this research were largely sourced primarily. The data was gathered through a structured interview and discussions. The department of women Affairs of 4 Southern Nigeria states including Lagos, Osun, Delta, and Anambra were visited and data capturing names of women that were appointed as commissioners and special advisers from 2016 till present was gathered. 32 women politicians from these states were interviewed with 19 structured interview questions. Also focus group discussion [FGD] was carried out involving 44 participants in 4 rural communities. The results of the findings showed that the exclusion of women from politics in this region has significantly impacted women political representation. The findings revealed that the rate of women political representation in Southern Nigeria is disproportionately low. Women of Southern Nigeria were also found to be supportive in the course to achieving SDG5 by 2030 via their contributions and roles. Finally, the study found that there are multiple interrelated barriers to increasing women political engagement. The study however, concluded that the achievement of the SDG5 by 2030 is possible, depending on the actions and policies of the government, the policy makers, and various agencies saddled with matters concerning politics and national development. The study then recommended that the government should strengthen legal and policy frameworks by approving and maintaining gender-responsive legislations, expand educational and capacity building initiatives, foster cultural and social change, Also, the government and political parties should provide financial support for women and enforce democratic fairness. Keywords: Women, Political representation, Gender equality, Sustainable Development Goal 5, Southern Nigeria. Word Count: 300Item Assessment of Female Presidents’ Governance and Its Implications on Peaceful Co-Existence in Iceland and Liberia(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Abosede Abiodun ADELEKEHistorically, societies have largely been shaped by patriarchal norms, often sidelining women from critical decision-making roles. While it is well-established that women contribute immensely to community and nation-building, there has been limited focus on directly comparing female presidential leadership and its specific impact on peaceful coexistence across diverse contexts. Therefore, this study examined women in governance and their implications for peaceful coexistence in Iceland between 1980 and 1996, and Liberia between 2006 and 2018. The study adopted a Content Analysis research design and was anchored on Feminist Theory. Findings revealed that the tenures of the two female presidents, Vigdís Finnbogadóttir of Iceland between 1980 and 1996, and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf of Liberia between 2006 and 2018, represented global female leadership, as both governments significantly influenced peaceful coexistence and national harmony. Both leaders formulated and implemented specific policies and programmes to foster peaceful coexistence: in Iceland, these included gender equality initiatives, diplomatic peace-building, conflict resolution training, cultural literacy, and education; in Liberia, they encompassed national reconciliation architecture, an all-female peacekeeping unit, economic inclusion policies, and youth vocational training. The study concluded that the effectiveness of these policies and programmes initiatives had broad developmental implications, enhancing social welfare, inclusivity, conflict resolution, societal well-being, political stability, and national development in both Iceland and Liberia. Consequently, the study recommends that female leaders be encouraged to participate more actively in governance at national and international levels, as they often demonstrate distinct innovativeness in leadership. Moreover, longstanding stereotypes and misconceptions about female leadership capabilities must be challenged, and deliberate opportunities created for women to engage in top-level democratic leadership and governance. Ultimately, this study underscores that empowering women in leadership and governance is not merely a matter of gender equality but a critical strategy for building a more peaceful, stable, and prosperous world. Keywords: Female Presidents, Governance, Peaceful Coexistence, Iceland, Liberia Word count: 289