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Item Women and Employment Challenges in Contemporary Politics: An Analysis of Social Exclusion in Germany and Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Omoniyi Temisanren OGODO-BACHWithin the context of modern politics, the examination of women's role and their engagement in the labour market has emerged as a pivotal field of scholarly inquiry. Although significant advancements have been achieved in numerous nations with regards to gender equality, persistent challenges remain, particularly within the realm of social exclusion. This research study delves into the critical analysis of women and employment challenges in contemporary politics with a bird’s- eye-view on social exclusion in Germany and Nigeria. The research objectives are to investigate the status of women's political employment in the political sphere in Germany and Nigeria, and to examine the political employment challenges experienced by women in Germany and Nigeria. The research study employed the social exclusion theory and theory of intersectionality and employment to elucidate women and employment challenges in the two countries. The research adopted descriptive design with qualitative approach using Key informant interview, with interview guide as instrument for data collection. The population of the study consisted of 10 women selected and equally from Nigeria and Germany. These women will be selected as a result of their participation in politics so as to investigate their participation with respect to their employment challenges in contemporary politics. Snowballing sampling technique was adopted in selecting 10 women each from Germany and Nigeria. The study finds that the political situation for women in Germany and Nigeria demonstrates both advancements and persistent obstacles in attaining gender parity. The concept of Germany has made significant progress in achieving gender equality through the implementation of laws and the introduction of gender quotas specific to political parties. By the year 2025, women are projected to occupy almost 35% of the seats in the Bundestag, showcasing a substantial growth in their political engagement. Nigeria is said to have 85% to 15% men and women ration in Nigerian politics. Out of the 15% accrued to women, only about 5% are able to rise and compete with men in the Nigerian political sphere. The findings revealed that in Nigeria, there is a notable lack of women's participation in politics, as women now hold a mere 6.4% of the seats in the National Assembly as of 2023. However, findings revealed that there are still persistent obstacles like gender-based violence, patriarchal norms and godfatherism, cultural preconceptions and economic disparities to achieving full gender parity and social inclusion in politics. The study recommends the enhancement of gender quotas and support systems, legal reforms and the promotion of cultural and societal change. Keywords: Gender, Employment challenges, Social Exclusion, Politics, Nigeria, Germany. Word Count: 422Item Politics of Neo-liberalism in the Oil and Gas Sector of Nigeria’s Fourth Republic(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Samson Olusegun OYEFOLUustainable growth and development. The oil and gas sector since the beginning of the Fourth Republic has been taken through series of neoliberal reforms with a view to addressing crises bedevilling the sector in Nigeria’s economy. The study specifically examined politics of neoliberalism in the oil and gas sector of Nigeria's Fourth Republic. The study was guided by dependency, state interventionist, institutional and resource curse theoretical orientations. While relying on descriptive and exploratory research designs, the study adopted Mixed Methods Research (MMR) – a triangulation of both quantitative and qualitative methods. Instruments of questionnaire and Key Informant Interviews were used to collect both quantitative and qualitative data respectively. Quantitative data analysis was done using simple percentage, while thematic analysis was used for qualitative data. Research findings established that neoliberal reforms in the current oil and gas sector have deepened social inequalities with the rising cost of living and failure to adequately address environmental sustainability, raising questions about the holistic effectiveness of the role of state structure in the sector. Again, the findings further exposed that the major interest driving energy policy making under neoliberalism is market forces and the corresponding drive for primitive capital accumulation at both local and international levels. Given the continued interest of government towards embracing neoliberal reforms in the sector with limited concerns about the wellbeing of the people, the study concluded by expressing pessimism about the future of oil and gas sector under the current administration. Hence, major recommendations include south-south cooperation and state-led approach for sustainable development of the Nigeria’s economy. Keywords: Oil and gas sector, Fourth Republic, neoliberalism, Nigeria, Politics Word Count: 282Item Paradox of Contemporary Religious Practices and Politics of Peace in South West Nigeria (1999-2024)(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Philip Olugbemiga OYEDAPOReligion, like politics is one of the most pervasive and powerful forces on earth and very core in human relationship. Religious ideas have infiltrated families, societies, politics and cultures. Both religion and politics are intertwined, aggressive and compromising. Religion is no longer a matter of self-interest in pursuit of higher truths and worship of the Supreme Being, rather, religion has been deeply rooted in socio-political worldviews. It is true that religion contributes to human value, at the same time, history clearly shows that religion has often been linked directly to the worst examples of human attitude and behaviour in relation to other people whether at individual or corporate levels. This study examines the paradox of religious practices and politics of peace employed to resolve religious conflicts. Religious practices are fraught with intricate and complex contradictions. While religion promises peace, it is equally used as an instrument of violent conflicts. Politics of peace involves socio-cultural, political and relational mechanisms engaged to resolve conflicts by governmental and non-governmental actors. A mixed-method comprising the instrument of questionnaire and key informant interview with purposive sampling of 513 participants for survey and 60 key informants across south western Nigeria was conducted. Findings show that several contradictions in religious practices engender conflicts which politics of peace has not yet been able to adequately resolve owing to epistemic injustice, primordial hostilities, and inadequate interfaith dialogue among religious actors. Findings also emphasise socio-economic factors as undergirding reasons for engaging in religious malpractices. as depicted in the report in which both standardised coefficient beta (β) and unstandardized coefficient beta (β) reveal that economic elements have the most impact on both religious paradox and politics of peace. The t-value of 15.165 and the p-value of 0.000 show that sustainable peacebuilding which is predicated on religious practices and concomitant politics of peace is strongly influenced by economic elements. The study therefore, concludes that religion is a complex phenomenon and undeniably intertwined with politics, culture, ethnicity, and economic conditions and patrons of religious conflicts as well as politicians who pervert justice are primarily preoccupied with economic survival rather than pure allegiance to God or humanity. In the light of the findings and conclusion, the study recommends a more nuanced understanding of respective religious faiths and also to consider peace as an inalienable birth-right of human beings just as politics should be reconstructed as “good governance” to transform South West Nigeria. Keywords: Peace-building, Politics of peace, Religious paradox, Contemporary religious practices, Sustainable development, South West Nigeria Word count:398Item Comparative Analysis of Cryptocurrency and Terrorism Financing in Nigeria and Kenya, 2020-2025(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Abdulmalik Olalekan OLADIPUPORapid proliferation of cryptocurrency has posed significant challenges to global security, particularly in developing countries with high rates of cryptocurrency-related terrorism financing, such as Nigeria and Kenya, where terrorist organisations exploit its decentralised and pseudonymous features to fund their activities, thereby complicating traditional counterterrorism financing frameworks. This study examines comparative analysis of cryptocurrency and terrorism financing in Nigeria and Kenya focusing on Policy Challenges and International Implications. The study objectives specifically investigate terrorist strategies, evaluate regulatory framework effectiveness, assess financing network transformations, analyse global financial system interconnections, and propose tailored policy solutions with international relevance while making use of Social Network Theory and Realism theory as its Theoretical framework. A mixed-methods research design was employed, integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches; the study sampled 103 participants, with 67 from Nigeria and 36 from Kenya, using purposive sampling techniques to ensure the selection of professionals with expertise in cryptocurrency regulation, counter-terrorism financing and cybersecurity, whilst data collection involved structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews with 11 key informants, and case studies, with quantitative data analysed using descriptive statistics, including mean, and percentage distributions with SPSS 27 software, and qualitative data examined through thematic analysis using NVIVO software. Findings reveal that terrorists exploit cryptocurrency’s anonymity, with 59.70% (X̄= 0.60) of Nigerian and 61.11% (X̄= 0.61) of Kenyan respondents noting fund acquisition, and 62.69% (X̄= 0.63) and 66.67% (X̄= 0.67) confirming transaction concealment; the study demonstrates that the existing counterterrorism financing frameworks in Nigeria and Kenya are ineffective in addressing cryptocurrency-enabled terrorism financing, as evidenced by 67.16% (X̄= 0.67) in Nigeria and 72.22% (X̄= 0.72) in Kenya reporting facilitation of international transactions, whilst financing shifts to digital networks, with 58.21% (X̄= 0.58) in Nigeria and 58.33% (X̄= 0.58) using exchanges. Local markets heighten global risks, with 67.16% (X̄= 0.67) and 72.22% (X̄ = 0.72) noting financial system impacts, though policy solutions remain viable, with 74.63% (X̄= 0.75) in Nigeria and 83.33% (X̄= 0.83) in Kenya supporting security monitoring. The thematic analysis underscores Nigeria’s P2P vulnerabilities and Kenya’s mobile money gaps, corroborated by cases like Binance and Taliban financing. In conclusion, cryptocurrency markedly enhances terrorism financing through anonymity and local adaptations, rendering current frameworks ineffective and escalating regional and global security threats, necessitating advanced tools and interstate collaboration to address technological and regulatory disparities. The study recommends establishing a Diplomatic Cryptocurrency Intelligence Consortium under the African Union to deploy blockchain analytics, enhance multilateral intelligence sharing, and train diplomats in countering anonymity-driven strategies, alongside a Regional Diplomatic Technology Alliance to bridge technological gaps through forensic training and harmonised regulations, ensuring robust responses to this evolving threat in an interconnected world. Keywords: Cryptocurrency, Terrorism Financing, Policy Challenges, International System, Diplomatic Strategies. Word Counts: 444Item Impact of Sustainable Education Practices on National Development among Selected Higher Institutions in Southwest Nigeria, 2012-2024(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Michael Olatunde AGBABIAKAThe imperative of sustainable education as a catalyst for national development has become increasingly prominent in the global discourse on education and policy reform. In Nigeria, where education remains a critical determinant of socio-economic transformation, the integration of sustainable principles within the educational system is pivotal to achieving long-term national goals. This study investigates the impact of sustainable education on national development, among selected higher institutions in South West Nigeria. The research examines how these institutions implement sustainable educational practices and evaluates their contribution to economic growth, environmental consciousness, social equity, and institutional resilience. The study’s theoretical framework is grounded in sustainable development theory, emphasizing the interconnectedness of education, economy, society, and environment. Adopting a descriptive survey research design, both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from academic staff, administrators, and students across strategically chosen universities in the region. Structured questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and institutional documents formed the primary instruments for data gathering. Findings reveal that while awareness of sustainable education is growing among stakeholders in higher institutions, implementation remains fragmented and inconsistent. Curriculum integration of sustainability concepts is present in certain disciplines but lacks a unified strategy across departments and faculties. Infrastructure development in most institutions reflects some level of environmental consciousness through green buildings and waste recycling initiatives, yet these efforts are limited by inadequate funding, policy gaps, and a lack of institutional commitment. Furthermore, the research highlights the significant role that higher institutions play in driving national development through innovation, research, and community engagement. However, their potential is often undermined by challenges such as poor governance structures, limited stakeholder collaboration, and an absence of long-term sustainability planning. The study concludes that sustainable education in South West Nigerian higher institutions holds great promise for accelerating national development if supported by coherent policy frameworks, improved funding, staff training, and institutional accountability. Recommendations include the establishment of sustainability units within institutions, mandatory inclusion of sustainability education across all curricula, increased investment in research addressing local developmental issues, and stronger partnerships between academia, government, and industry. By situating sustainable education at the heart of higher learning, this study underscores its critical role in shaping future leaders and equipping graduates with the competencies required for sustainable national development. The research contributes to the broader understanding of how higher education can be strategically aligned with national development goals, particularly in emerging economies like Nigeria. The findings are expected to inform policymakers, educational planners, and institutional leaders seeking to transform the educational landscape in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially Goal 4 (Quality Education). Key Words: Sustainable Education, National Development, Higher Institution, Southwest Nigeria. Word Count: 422Item Women, Intergroup Conflict Management and Peacebuilding: Study of Selected Communities in Southeast of Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Lilian Nnenne AKHANOLUConflict is part of life and inevitable especially in relating with one another in any given situation. The way conflict is managed and/or resolved, either positively or negatively is very essential to human relations. In the pre-colonial times, women were part of various peacebuilding initiatives though it differed in level of involvement and participation with various ethnic or communities. Women contributed to the management of conflict through many communal initiatives, formal and informal means. For instance, Mrs Funmilayo Ransome Kuti, an activist who motivated others in the fight against oppression, imperialism and gender inequality. However, during the colonial era, women’s roles in conflict management and peacebuilding became underrated and not until the recent times are there improvements in those roles. Igbo women in the Southeast of Nigeria have been contributing to conflict management and peacebuilding, and contrary to the general belief that they are not allowed to have a voice in these aspects in their communities, this study examines their roles in conflict management and peacebuilding in their communities. The study adopted Snail-sense feminism theory which states that the movement of a snail is slow but steady and likewise the efforts and contribution of women to peacebuilding. Primary and secondary sources of data were used to gather information for the study. Interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with members of three communities from three state in the Southeast, Nigeria. The study found out that women get involved in certain conflicts such as stealing, fighting, infidelity between couples and cases such as murder are left for the law enforcement agents to handle. Likewise, when they fail to resolve a conflict, they refer it to the elders or ultimately the Obi Eze, the traditional rulers in the community. The study concluded that Igbo women are peacebuilders and they are also as proactive and reactive in peacebuilding as their male counterparts, all for the progress of their communities. The study therefore recommends that women should be given more opportunities and participation in these peacebuilding initiatives. And that they should be made agents of peace by giving them more support in the politics of the region which can be achieved by the region giving some percentage of slots to women for the Houses of Assembly. This will greatly trigger more participation of women in politics and consequently showcase them in peacebuilding at state levels instead of being village and clans’ champions alone. Also, girl child education which will empower the women to do more in the future should be prioritized in the communities. Keywords: Women, Conflict Management, Peacebuilding, Southeast. Word Count: 420Item Women Political Representation and Gender Equality in Southern Nigeria 2015-2024(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Harriet Uche NWEKEThis study examined women political representation and gender equality in Southern Nigeria, with a specific focus on Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG5) aiming at achieving Gender Equality by 2030. Theoretically, the study reviewed the Feminist, Equity and the Systems perspectives of the research topic. The descriptive research design was adopted in this research. The data analyzed in this research were largely sourced primarily. The data was gathered through a structured interview and discussions. The department of women Affairs of 4 Southern Nigeria states including Lagos, Osun, Delta, and Anambra were visited and data capturing names of women that were appointed as commissioners and special advisers from 2016 till present was gathered. 32 women politicians from these states were interviewed with 19 structured interview questions. Also focus group discussion [FGD] was carried out involving 44 participants in 4 rural communities. The results of the findings showed that the exclusion of women from politics in this region has significantly impacted women political representation. The findings revealed that the rate of women political representation in Southern Nigeria is disproportionately low. Women of Southern Nigeria were also found to be supportive in the course to achieving SDG5 by 2030 via their contributions and roles. Finally, the study found that there are multiple interrelated barriers to increasing women political engagement. The study however, concluded that the achievement of the SDG5 by 2030 is possible, depending on the actions and policies of the government, the policy makers, and various agencies saddled with matters concerning politics and national development. The study then recommended that the government should strengthen legal and policy frameworks by approving and maintaining gender-responsive legislations, expand educational and capacity building initiatives, foster cultural and social change, Also, the government and political parties should provide financial support for women and enforce democratic fairness. Keywords: Women, Political representation, Gender equality, Sustainable Development Goal 5, Southern Nigeria. Word Count: 300Item Assessment of Female Presidents’ Governance and Its Implications on Peaceful Co-Existence in Iceland and Liberia(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Abosede Abiodun ADELEKEHistorically, societies have largely been shaped by patriarchal norms, often sidelining women from critical decision-making roles. While it is well-established that women contribute immensely to community and nation-building, there has been limited focus on directly comparing female presidential leadership and its specific impact on peaceful coexistence across diverse contexts. Therefore, this study examined women in governance and their implications for peaceful coexistence in Iceland between 1980 and 1996, and Liberia between 2006 and 2018. The study adopted a Content Analysis research design and was anchored on Feminist Theory. Findings revealed that the tenures of the two female presidents, Vigdís Finnbogadóttir of Iceland between 1980 and 1996, and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf of Liberia between 2006 and 2018, represented global female leadership, as both governments significantly influenced peaceful coexistence and national harmony. Both leaders formulated and implemented specific policies and programmes to foster peaceful coexistence: in Iceland, these included gender equality initiatives, diplomatic peace-building, conflict resolution training, cultural literacy, and education; in Liberia, they encompassed national reconciliation architecture, an all-female peacekeeping unit, economic inclusion policies, and youth vocational training. The study concluded that the effectiveness of these policies and programmes initiatives had broad developmental implications, enhancing social welfare, inclusivity, conflict resolution, societal well-being, political stability, and national development in both Iceland and Liberia. Consequently, the study recommends that female leaders be encouraged to participate more actively in governance at national and international levels, as they often demonstrate distinct innovativeness in leadership. Moreover, longstanding stereotypes and misconceptions about female leadership capabilities must be challenged, and deliberate opportunities created for women to engage in top-level democratic leadership and governance. Ultimately, this study underscores that empowering women in leadership and governance is not merely a matter of gender equality but a critical strategy for building a more peaceful, stable, and prosperous world. Keywords: Female Presidents, Governance, Peaceful Coexistence, Iceland, Liberia Word count: 289Item Public Awareness and Quality of Service Delivery in Selected Ogun State Agencies(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Oluwabukunmi Adedotun ADESANYAThis study appraises the impact of agencification in public service delivery by examining the perceptions of residents in Abeokuta, Ogun State. The background of this research stems from Nigeria's ongoing pursuit of better public service delivery, which has led to the adoption of "agencification," the creation of semi-autonomous government agencies. However, its success is often debated, with concerns about public awareness, accessibility, and accountability. Unlike previous research that focuses on internal performance metrics, this study addresses a critical gap by focusing on the public's satisfaction with these agencies. Guided by the principles of New Public Management theory, the research employed a descriptive survey design, collecting data from a sample of 384 residents via structured questionnaires. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, to assess how public awareness and service accessibility influence residents' interaction with these agencies, their perceptions of service quality, and their satisfaction with accountability and responsiveness. The findings reveal a significant gap between the agencies' service delivery and public expectations. Specifically, residents have a limited understanding of the specific roles and functions of these agencies. The study also found that, despite some satisfactory services, notable issues exist, such as irregular waste collection byOGWAMA and poor road maintenance by OGPWA. Furthermore, public satisfaction with the agencies’ accountability and responsiveness was found to be generally low, with many residents feeling that their feedback and complaints are not adequately addressed. The study concludes that the practical effectiveness of agencification depends heavily on public perception. For it to be truly effective, the study recommends that agencies like OGWAMA and OGPWA must improve public awareness, enhance service quality, and establish robust mechanisms for accountability and responsiveness. Keywords: Agencification, Service Delivery, Public Works, New Public Management, Autonomy, Accountability, Public Satisfaction Word Count: 278Item Appraisal of Children Welfare Programs in Selected Orphanage Homes in Ibadan, OyoState (2019 to 2025)(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Lydia ADEBAYOThis study examined the effectiveness of child welfare programs namely, the Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) Program, the Child Participation Program, and the Poverty and Protection (PnP) Program in relation to the management of children's welfare in Nigeria. It also assessed public perceptions of service delivery across critical sectors and identified systemic challenges hindering the successful implementation of child welfare initiatives. Using a quantitative research design, data were collected from 12 respondents through structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were used to determine levels of satisfaction, while inferential statistics, including multiple regression analyses, were used to test the study. Findings indicate a high level of satisfaction with the PnP and OVC programs. However, the grand mean score of 2.6 across health, nutrition, and education sectors suggests a mixed to moderately unsatisfactory perception of public service delivery. Additionally, a grand mean score of 2.8 revealed widespread concerns about systemic, legal, and infrastructural challenges in child welfare administration. Study testing revealed that while the Child Participation Program showed a notable and positive relationship with child welfare management, the effect was not statistically significant at the 5% level (p = 0.085), leading to the acceptance of the. Similarly, the OVC Program alone did not significantly predict the management of child welfare. When both programs were combined in a multiple regression model, the result also failed to reach statistical significance, indicating that neither program, independently or jointly, significantly explains the variance in the management of children’s welfare. The study contributes to knowledge by providing empirical evidence on the limitations of current child welfare interventions and highlighting the importance of adopting a more systemic and participatory approach. It recommends institutional reforms, improved service delivery, and further research involving larger sample sizes and qualitative approaches to explore the underlying dynamics of child welfare administration in Nigeria. Keywords: Child welfare, Orphans, Orphanage Homes, Vulnerable Children Program, Oyo State Word count: 299Item Study of Corruption and Public Governance in Oyo State Civil Service, 1999-2021(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Hannah Temitope OJOAWOThis study investigates corruption and public governance in Oyo State Civil Service. Through a comprehensive examination of corruption root causes, consequences, and potential mitigation strategies, the research sheds light on the challenges facing this critical sector and offers valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders. The study employs a mixed-method approach, combining survey data from civil servants and the populace with multiple regression analysis to establish the statistical significance of the relationship between corruption and governance. The findings reveal a strong link between bureaucratic corruption and public governance, emphasizing the multifaceted impact of corruption on governance quality. Corruption is identified as a significant barrier to efficient public administration, leading to compromised service delivery, weakened trust, and erosion of fairness. The study underscores the importance of anti-corruption measures, merit-based recruitment and promotion, administrative reforms, and citizen engagement in combating corruption and fostering good governance. These insights provide actionable recommendations for enhancing transparency, integrity, and effectiveness within the Oyo State Civil Service and serve as a valuable resource for reform efforts in the region and beyond. Keywords: Corruption, Public Governance, Bereaucracy, Oyo State, Civil Service Word Count: 180Item Effect of e-Governance on Public Service Delivery in Selected Government Ministries in Oyo State (2012-2022)(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Henry Aporobarow ITAMOROThe evaluation of service delivery by government personnel is a significant indicator of the well-being of the citizens in these nations. This is why scholars are concerned with elements relating to service delivery in the public space. This study analyse the influence of e- Governance on the provision of public services, with a specific focus on selected government ministries in Oyo state. The research design chosen in the study is a combination of the survey and oral interview. The population of study include citizen and residents of Oyo state who usually assess services from various government ministries and agencies in Oyo state. The sample size for this study is three hundred and eighty-four (384) residents of Oyo state. The major instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire. The data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. The results showed that e-government implementation has a significant influence on service delivery in the government ministries (adjusted R² = 0.325; p = 0.000). the study concluded that the adoption of e-government is taking off at a good pace in Oyo state and this has reflected in the quality-of-service delivery. It was recommended that the ministries and boards should regularly assess their services, collect feedback from citizens, and make improvements as needed to enhance service quality. Key Words: E-governance, Services delivery, Public services. Word Count: 216Item Principle of Pacta Sunt Servanda in Football Arbitration Compliances among Selected Clubs in South-South Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Aminu Osizemete YUSUFThis study examines the application of the principle of "Pacta Sunt Servanda" (agreements must be kept) in football arbitration, with a specific focus on compliance among selected clubs in the South-South region of Nigeria. The principle, fundamental to contract law, underpins the enforcement of agreements and arbitration decisions. This research explores how clubs in this region adhere to arbitration rulings and contractual obligations, identifying key factors influencing compliance. Using a qualitative approach, the study analyzes data from interviews, surveys, questionnaire and document reviews involving club officials, legal experts, and sports administrators. The findings reveal a mixed level of compliance, influenced by factors such as financial constraints, organizational culture, and awareness of arbitration processes. Despite some adherence to the principle, challenges such as inadequate enforcement mechanisms and variability in legal interpretation persist. This research highlights the need for improved training, better governance structures, and stronger enforcement mechanisms to ensure that "Pacta Sunt Servanda" is effectively upheld in football arbitration. By addressing these issues, the study aims to contribute to a more robust framework for contract enforcement in Nigerian football, aligning with international standards. The insights gained provide valuable recommendations for policymakers, sports administrators, and legal practitioners involved in football arbitration. The findings of this study have implications for sport’s governing bodies, arbitration institutions, and legal practitioners, emphasizing the need for consistent and effective enforcement of arbitration awards to maintain the integrity of football arbitration in Nigeria. Keywords: ‘Pacta Sunt Servanda’, Football, Arbitration Awards, Enforceability, Federation International de Football Association (FIFA) Word Count: 234Item Russo-Ukraine War and the Involvement of North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (2013-2023)(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Taiwo Hassan RAHEEMThe ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine has not only raised geopolitical tensions but has also drawn significant international attention, particularly concerning NATO's role in the crisis. This study aims to analyses NATO's involvement in the Russia-Ukraine war, addressing the complexities and implications of this military alliance's actions in the region. The conflict between Russia and Ukraine, initiated by Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014 and subsequent military support for separatist groups in Eastern Ukraine, has evolved into a protracted and multifaceted war. NATO's response to these developments has been pivotal, influencing both diplomatic negotiations and military strategies in the region. The study makes use of descriptive research design. This research design was chosen because it provides a comprehensive snapshot of specific events or conditions, making it ideal for capturing complex situations. Descriptive research design is suitable as it allows for an in- depth exploration of NATO's role and actions within the context of the ongoing conflict. This design facilitates the gathering of rich qualitative data through document analysis, and observational techniques, enabling a thorough examination of NATO's strategies, policies, and impact. Findings revealed that NATO's military support for Ukraine has bolstered the country's defensive capabilities. This also served as a deterrent against further Russian aggression in Eastern Europe. The study concludes that the implications for NATO's internal cohesion, as differing threat perceptions and priorities among member states could challenge the alliance’s unity. Furthermore, the conflict has prompted a re-evaluation of defence policies across Europe, leading to increased military spending and preparedness. The study recommends that NATO should continue to provide comprehensive military assistance to Ukraine, including advanced weaponry, intelligence sharing,. Equally important, diplomacy remains vital in resolving the conflict. NATO and its member states are urged to prioritize diplomatic engagements alongside military measures to foster long-term peace. Keywords: Russo-Ukraine War, Conflict, Diplomacy, and Geopolitics Word Count: 297Item Economic Integration and the Question of Clean Energy Strategy in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 2012-2022(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Olukayode ODETUNDEThe study focuses on the impact of Economic Integration as a Strategy for Affordable and Clean Energy in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 2012-2022. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has embarked on a path of economic integration to enhance regional development and cooperation. A critical component of this integration is the adoption of a cohesive clean energy strategy, essential for sustainable development and addressing the pressing energy needs of the region. The study adopted Physical theory & Economic Model and Real Option Theory. The sample size for the study comprised 100 individuals working in the energy sector selected five countries (Nigeria, Ghana, Togo, Liberia and Benin) out of the fifteen ECOWAS countries, ensuring a diverse and representative dataset for analysis. It employed both descriptive and inferential statistics, including the use of SPSS software for data analysis. The study finds that while ECOWAS has made significant strides in policy harmonization and regional cooperation, substantial barriers remain, including inadequate infrastructure, limited financing, and policy implementation gaps. Additionally, there is an uneven distribution of renewable energy resources and technological capabilities across member states. The research concludes that a unified clean energy strategy is vital for the region’s sustainable development. The integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydropower, can reduce the region's dependence on fossil fuels, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and improve energy security. Furthermore, leveraging regional cooperation can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of clean energy projects through shared resources and knowledge. The study recommends that ECOWAS states strengthen regional institutions to better coordinate clean energy initiatives, attract international investments through favorable policies and incentives, and enhance capacity-building programs to develop local expertise in renewable energy technologies. Additionally, fostering public-private partnerships can accelerate the deployment of clean energy infrastructure. By addressing these key areas, ECOWAS can ensure that economic integration is complemented by a robust and sustainable clean energy strategy, fostering long-term economic growth and environmental resilience in West Africa. Keyword: Economic Integration, Clean Energy, Strategy, ECOWAS. Word Count: 300Item Academic Staff Union of Universities’ Industrial Action and Public University System in Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Oladapo Emmanuel SOLARUOver the years, ASUU has embarked on a number of strikes which have resulted in months-long closures of universities and the frustration of both students and parents. This study examined effects of the constant strike on the Nigerian public university system, using Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye as case study. The Max Weber’s Social Action Theory and Relative Deprivation Theory serves as the theoretical background upon which the study is anchored. The study adopted survey research method. The population of the study comprised of 5,581 final year students and 625 OOU-ASUU chapter, making 6,206. A sample size of 362 was arrived at, using Krejcie & Morgan sample table. The researcher designed separate research instruments (questionnaires) to collect data from the students and staff of the university. The data was analyzed using SPSS and the data was presented using tables and descriptive analysis. The results revealed that the frequent strikes actions reduced the quality of education and ASUU strike has been a major factor why some students go to private university. The result also showed that the disruption of the school calendar has a negative influence on academic performance of students. However, the strike has not led to any improvement in staff welfare, and the salaries of academic staff have been reviewed because of the ASUU strike. The study concludes that the objectives of the strike has not been achieved, rather, it has set the university education backwards. The study recommends that government should pay more attention to the education sector and provide academic facilities that will enable a conducive learning and working environment for both staff and students in universities. Student should also maximize the strike period in writing professional exams or acquire vocational skills to help improve their mental capabilities Keywords: ASUU Strike, Nigeria Educational System, Industrial Action, OOU, Students Word Count: 289Item Assessment of Mission Strategies and Leadership Approaches of New Life College of Theology and Mission, Ibadan, Oyo State(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Oluronke Bolanle OWOADEMission Strategies are the set of procedures, plans and directions for implementing the programs and activities of the church. The effectiveness of missionaries on the mission fields depends largely on the effectiveness of the mission strategies being adopted and the effectiveness of the mission leadership styles used by their trainers. Good leadership styles enhance effectiveness and productivity. New Life College of Theology and Mission is a missionary institution where missionaries are being trained in order to work in New Life For All Nations Ministries mission fields. This study assessed the mission strategies used in New Life College of Theology and Mission, Ibadan to achieve its mission and vision. The study used descriptive survey research design and thematic analysis to analyse the data collected, to address the research questions. Findings from the study revealed that various leadership styles such as empowerment, vision-setting, mentorship, and innovative approaches to ministry being utilised within New Life College of Theology foster growth in the Church. It also revealed that Mission strategies play a crucial role in the growth of the Church, the theological orientations of the Church, which are deeply intertwined with its mission strategies. The research also uncovered factors that significantly contribute to growth within the Church to range from internal factors such as organizational structure or leadership dynamics to external challenges like societal trends or cultural shifts The study recommends that the missionary trainers and the Church should contribute towards developing effective leadership styles and mission strategies that align with the objectives of fostering growth within New Life College of Theology and Mission and the wider church community. Keywords: Leadership strategies, Mission strategies, New Life Theological orientation, Church growth, Setbacks in mission Word Count: 281Item Human Sexuality in Leviticus 18:9-23 and Its Implication f(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Samson Adekunle OLOYEDEThe fast increase in moral depravity among adolescents and youths has become a recognized social problem in Nigeria. The study focuses on the role of human sexuality and how it has helped to control STDs in Iwo. It examines the perception of people on STDs control in Iwo. Survey and in-depth interview were employed to gather information. Primarily, Exegetical survey research designs consist of the Hebrew text of Leviticus 18:9-23 and 30 Respondents are drawn from Iwo Baptist denomination. Secondarily, data from UN-AIDs, NACA and State hospital Iwo, established the existence of STDs in Nigeria, Osun State and Iwoland respectively. Findings reveal a turn down in cultural values and practices over time and this is associated to the impact of westernization on value placed on sexual purity. As much as culture influences our way of life, the role of the family in maintaining moral purity cannot be ruled out as the family is the primary means of socialization. Data from Leviticus 18 are used to examine the biblical sexuality and then related to currently extramarital sexual behaviour. An overwhelming majority of respondents had accurate information about STDs. In particular, they associated STDs transmission largely with casual sex or having multiple sexual partners. The study underscores the relation between knowledge and behaviour, and calls for a well articulated campaign designed to educate the masses about the danger of STDs. It aims at modifying both premarital and extramarital sexual behaviour, thereby reducing the risk factor for STDs through heterosexual relations, which is the main mode of transmission in Iwo. It concludes that the global menace needs a biblical solution which is by avoiding all sexual sins including the perversion of sex like homosexuality. God’s plan is for sexual relationship to be within the context of the marriage covenant. Keywords: Human sexuality, STDs control, casual sex, Heterosexual relation, Iwo Baptist Denomination Word Count: 296Item Assessment of Societal Leaderships Role in Managing Cultural Differences in Redeemed College of Missions, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria 2018-2023(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Ademola Jonathan OLAJESUThe society is full of people of different languages, backgrounds, ethnics, and of course cultures. These people that make up a society are very important to the need of the society, that is why this study focuses on how societal leaders can effectively manage and promote peaceful coexistence among diverse cultures, ethnics and religions within their territories through their administrative approaches. The study involved the two major theories of Multiculturalism (Melting Pot and Salad Bowl Theories). The research adopted a descriptive survey research design, focusing on the role of societal leadership in managing cultural differences in Nigeria. The targeted population included the staff members and the students of the Redeemed College of Missions Ede. One hundred and fifty (150) respondents were selected using purposive sampling, techniques, while questionnaire was used as the primary instrument for data collection. Findings of this work emphasised the importance of leadership adaptability to diverse cultural contexts. It revealed that Societal leaders who demonstrate flexibility and openness to different cultural perspectives are better positioned to facilitate effective communication and decision-making and that this adaptability is a key component of successful management of multicultural society. It concludes that the comprehensive exploration of leaders' perceptions, attitudes, and practices in navigating diverse cultures within the institution have provided valuable insights. The research recommended the implementation of regular cultural sensitivity training programmes and the establishment of leadership development initiatives to equip leaders with the necessary skills for effective cultural management. These recommendations aimed at fostering understanding, respect, and appreciation of diverse cultures within the institution, creating a more inclusive and harmonious environment. Keywords: Acculturation, Cultural Differences, Multiculturalism, Peaceful Coexistence, Societal leaderships. Word Count: 271Item Influence of NGOs on the Control of Early Marriage in Borno State (2018-2022)(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Oluwamayowa Oyebolatito GBADEBOThis is a Study of the Influence of NGOs in the control of early marriage in Borno State. The study specifically examined the nature of programmes being implemented by the NGOs to address early marriage; the extent to which early marriage happens in Borno State; the influence of the NGOs programmes on the fight against early marriage and the challenges faced by the NGOs in their interventions programme towards early marriage and gender-based violence in Borno State for the period of 2018 to 2022. The study investigates the influence of NGOs intervention programmes for combating early marriage in Borno State by the use of both quantitative and qualitative data in analysis to get in-depth evaluation of the NGOs interventions programmes particularly in Borno State where there was no exact study on this topic in Borno State. The evaluative study design was adopted with questionnaire and interview as the research instrument used to collect our data. The population for this study consisted of all the registered NGOs carrying out intervention programmes for combating early marriage and gender-based violence in Borno State. The researcher utilized the purposive- sampling techniques in sampling a total of 80 respondents 20 each from 4 NGOs. The descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution tables, chart, percentage and 4 scale criteria mean of 2.5 were used for the research questions analysis with the aid of SPSS package. The criterion means scores of 3.13, 3.12, 3.16 and 2.74 which are above the 2.5 criterion mean cut off; as well as the content analysis result of the interview presented in the flowchart led to the acceptance of the position of the respondents that multisectoral programme approach, promoting gender equality, community interventions and media interventions programmes function well in the fight against sexual, emotional and psychological, physical and socio-economic violence. The result also showed that while early marriage is prevalence in Borno state, the intervention programmes have been checkmating it to a reasonable extent despite the observed challenges. There should be a deliberate support from government, donor agencies and other stakeholder so as to enhance improvement in the nature of programmes being implemented by the NGOs to cub early marriage. Key Words: Boko Haram, Intervention, Gender, Programmes, NGO Word Counts: 276