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Item Principle of Pacta Sunt Servanda in Football Arbitration Compliances among Selected Clubs in South-South Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Aminu Osizemete YUSUFThis study examines the application of the principle of "Pacta Sunt Servanda" (agreements must be kept) in football arbitration, with a specific focus on compliance among selected clubs in the South-South region of Nigeria. The principle, fundamental to contract law, underpins the enforcement of agreements and arbitration decisions. This research explores how clubs in this region adhere to arbitration rulings and contractual obligations, identifying key factors influencing compliance. Using a qualitative approach, the study analyzes data from interviews, surveys, questionnaire and document reviews involving club officials, legal experts, and sports administrators. The findings reveal a mixed level of compliance, influenced by factors such as financial constraints, organizational culture, and awareness of arbitration processes. Despite some adherence to the principle, challenges such as inadequate enforcement mechanisms and variability in legal interpretation persist. This research highlights the need for improved training, better governance structures, and stronger enforcement mechanisms to ensure that "Pacta Sunt Servanda" is effectively upheld in football arbitration. By addressing these issues, the study aims to contribute to a more robust framework for contract enforcement in Nigerian football, aligning with international standards. The insights gained provide valuable recommendations for policymakers, sports administrators, and legal practitioners involved in football arbitration. The findings of this study have implications for sport’s governing bodies, arbitration institutions, and legal practitioners, emphasizing the need for consistent and effective enforcement of arbitration awards to maintain the integrity of football arbitration in Nigeria. Keywords: ‘Pacta Sunt Servanda’, Football, Arbitration Awards, Enforceability, Federation International de Football Association (FIFA) Word Count: 234Item Russo-Ukraine War and the Involvement of North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (2013-2023)(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Taiwo Hassan RAHEEMThe ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine has not only raised geopolitical tensions but has also drawn significant international attention, particularly concerning NATO's role in the crisis. This study aims to analyses NATO's involvement in the Russia-Ukraine war, addressing the complexities and implications of this military alliance's actions in the region. The conflict between Russia and Ukraine, initiated by Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014 and subsequent military support for separatist groups in Eastern Ukraine, has evolved into a protracted and multifaceted war. NATO's response to these developments has been pivotal, influencing both diplomatic negotiations and military strategies in the region. The study makes use of descriptive research design. This research design was chosen because it provides a comprehensive snapshot of specific events or conditions, making it ideal for capturing complex situations. Descriptive research design is suitable as it allows for an in- depth exploration of NATO's role and actions within the context of the ongoing conflict. This design facilitates the gathering of rich qualitative data through document analysis, and observational techniques, enabling a thorough examination of NATO's strategies, policies, and impact. Findings revealed that NATO's military support for Ukraine has bolstered the country's defensive capabilities. This also served as a deterrent against further Russian aggression in Eastern Europe. The study concludes that the implications for NATO's internal cohesion, as differing threat perceptions and priorities among member states could challenge the alliance’s unity. Furthermore, the conflict has prompted a re-evaluation of defence policies across Europe, leading to increased military spending and preparedness. The study recommends that NATO should continue to provide comprehensive military assistance to Ukraine, including advanced weaponry, intelligence sharing,. Equally important, diplomacy remains vital in resolving the conflict. NATO and its member states are urged to prioritize diplomatic engagements alongside military measures to foster long-term peace. Keywords: Russo-Ukraine War, Conflict, Diplomacy, and Geopolitics Word Count: 297Item Economic Integration and the Question of Clean Energy Strategy in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 2012-2022(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Olukayode ODETUNDEThe study focuses on the impact of Economic Integration as a Strategy for Affordable and Clean Energy in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 2012-2022. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has embarked on a path of economic integration to enhance regional development and cooperation. A critical component of this integration is the adoption of a cohesive clean energy strategy, essential for sustainable development and addressing the pressing energy needs of the region. The study adopted Physical theory & Economic Model and Real Option Theory. The sample size for the study comprised 100 individuals working in the energy sector selected five countries (Nigeria, Ghana, Togo, Liberia and Benin) out of the fifteen ECOWAS countries, ensuring a diverse and representative dataset for analysis. It employed both descriptive and inferential statistics, including the use of SPSS software for data analysis. The study finds that while ECOWAS has made significant strides in policy harmonization and regional cooperation, substantial barriers remain, including inadequate infrastructure, limited financing, and policy implementation gaps. Additionally, there is an uneven distribution of renewable energy resources and technological capabilities across member states. The research concludes that a unified clean energy strategy is vital for the region’s sustainable development. The integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydropower, can reduce the region's dependence on fossil fuels, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and improve energy security. Furthermore, leveraging regional cooperation can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of clean energy projects through shared resources and knowledge. The study recommends that ECOWAS states strengthen regional institutions to better coordinate clean energy initiatives, attract international investments through favorable policies and incentives, and enhance capacity-building programs to develop local expertise in renewable energy technologies. Additionally, fostering public-private partnerships can accelerate the deployment of clean energy infrastructure. By addressing these key areas, ECOWAS can ensure that economic integration is complemented by a robust and sustainable clean energy strategy, fostering long-term economic growth and environmental resilience in West Africa. Keyword: Economic Integration, Clean Energy, Strategy, ECOWAS. Word Count: 300Item Academic Staff Union of Universities’ Industrial Action and Public University System in Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Oladapo Emmanuel SOLARUOver the years, ASUU has embarked on a number of strikes which have resulted in months-long closures of universities and the frustration of both students and parents. This study examined effects of the constant strike on the Nigerian public university system, using Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye as case study. The Max Weber’s Social Action Theory and Relative Deprivation Theory serves as the theoretical background upon which the study is anchored. The study adopted survey research method. The population of the study comprised of 5,581 final year students and 625 OOU-ASUU chapter, making 6,206. A sample size of 362 was arrived at, using Krejcie & Morgan sample table. The researcher designed separate research instruments (questionnaires) to collect data from the students and staff of the university. The data was analyzed using SPSS and the data was presented using tables and descriptive analysis. The results revealed that the frequent strikes actions reduced the quality of education and ASUU strike has been a major factor why some students go to private university. The result also showed that the disruption of the school calendar has a negative influence on academic performance of students. However, the strike has not led to any improvement in staff welfare, and the salaries of academic staff have been reviewed because of the ASUU strike. The study concludes that the objectives of the strike has not been achieved, rather, it has set the university education backwards. The study recommends that government should pay more attention to the education sector and provide academic facilities that will enable a conducive learning and working environment for both staff and students in universities. Student should also maximize the strike period in writing professional exams or acquire vocational skills to help improve their mental capabilities Keywords: ASUU Strike, Nigeria Educational System, Industrial Action, OOU, Students Word Count: 289Item Assessment of Mission Strategies and Leadership Approaches of New Life College of Theology and Mission, Ibadan, Oyo State(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Oluronke Bolanle OWOADEMission Strategies are the set of procedures, plans and directions for implementing the programs and activities of the church. The effectiveness of missionaries on the mission fields depends largely on the effectiveness of the mission strategies being adopted and the effectiveness of the mission leadership styles used by their trainers. Good leadership styles enhance effectiveness and productivity. New Life College of Theology and Mission is a missionary institution where missionaries are being trained in order to work in New Life For All Nations Ministries mission fields. This study assessed the mission strategies used in New Life College of Theology and Mission, Ibadan to achieve its mission and vision. The study used descriptive survey research design and thematic analysis to analyse the data collected, to address the research questions. Findings from the study revealed that various leadership styles such as empowerment, vision-setting, mentorship, and innovative approaches to ministry being utilised within New Life College of Theology foster growth in the Church. It also revealed that Mission strategies play a crucial role in the growth of the Church, the theological orientations of the Church, which are deeply intertwined with its mission strategies. The research also uncovered factors that significantly contribute to growth within the Church to range from internal factors such as organizational structure or leadership dynamics to external challenges like societal trends or cultural shifts The study recommends that the missionary trainers and the Church should contribute towards developing effective leadership styles and mission strategies that align with the objectives of fostering growth within New Life College of Theology and Mission and the wider church community. Keywords: Leadership strategies, Mission strategies, New Life Theological orientation, Church growth, Setbacks in mission Word Count: 281Item Human Sexuality in Leviticus 18:9-23 and Its Implication f(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Samson Adekunle OLOYEDEThe fast increase in moral depravity among adolescents and youths has become a recognized social problem in Nigeria. The study focuses on the role of human sexuality and how it has helped to control STDs in Iwo. It examines the perception of people on STDs control in Iwo. Survey and in-depth interview were employed to gather information. Primarily, Exegetical survey research designs consist of the Hebrew text of Leviticus 18:9-23 and 30 Respondents are drawn from Iwo Baptist denomination. Secondarily, data from UN-AIDs, NACA and State hospital Iwo, established the existence of STDs in Nigeria, Osun State and Iwoland respectively. Findings reveal a turn down in cultural values and practices over time and this is associated to the impact of westernization on value placed on sexual purity. As much as culture influences our way of life, the role of the family in maintaining moral purity cannot be ruled out as the family is the primary means of socialization. Data from Leviticus 18 are used to examine the biblical sexuality and then related to currently extramarital sexual behaviour. An overwhelming majority of respondents had accurate information about STDs. In particular, they associated STDs transmission largely with casual sex or having multiple sexual partners. The study underscores the relation between knowledge and behaviour, and calls for a well articulated campaign designed to educate the masses about the danger of STDs. It aims at modifying both premarital and extramarital sexual behaviour, thereby reducing the risk factor for STDs through heterosexual relations, which is the main mode of transmission in Iwo. It concludes that the global menace needs a biblical solution which is by avoiding all sexual sins including the perversion of sex like homosexuality. God’s plan is for sexual relationship to be within the context of the marriage covenant. Keywords: Human sexuality, STDs control, casual sex, Heterosexual relation, Iwo Baptist Denomination Word Count: 296Item Assessment of Societal Leaderships Role in Managing Cultural Differences in Redeemed College of Missions, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria 2018-2023(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Ademola Jonathan OLAJESUThe society is full of people of different languages, backgrounds, ethnics, and of course cultures. These people that make up a society are very important to the need of the society, that is why this study focuses on how societal leaders can effectively manage and promote peaceful coexistence among diverse cultures, ethnics and religions within their territories through their administrative approaches. The study involved the two major theories of Multiculturalism (Melting Pot and Salad Bowl Theories). The research adopted a descriptive survey research design, focusing on the role of societal leadership in managing cultural differences in Nigeria. The targeted population included the staff members and the students of the Redeemed College of Missions Ede. One hundred and fifty (150) respondents were selected using purposive sampling, techniques, while questionnaire was used as the primary instrument for data collection. Findings of this work emphasised the importance of leadership adaptability to diverse cultural contexts. It revealed that Societal leaders who demonstrate flexibility and openness to different cultural perspectives are better positioned to facilitate effective communication and decision-making and that this adaptability is a key component of successful management of multicultural society. It concludes that the comprehensive exploration of leaders' perceptions, attitudes, and practices in navigating diverse cultures within the institution have provided valuable insights. The research recommended the implementation of regular cultural sensitivity training programmes and the establishment of leadership development initiatives to equip leaders with the necessary skills for effective cultural management. These recommendations aimed at fostering understanding, respect, and appreciation of diverse cultures within the institution, creating a more inclusive and harmonious environment. Keywords: Acculturation, Cultural Differences, Multiculturalism, Peaceful Coexistence, Societal leaderships. Word Count: 271Item Influence of NGOs on the Control of Early Marriage in Borno State (2018-2022)(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Oluwamayowa Oyebolatito GBADEBOThis is a Study of the Influence of NGOs in the control of early marriage in Borno State. The study specifically examined the nature of programmes being implemented by the NGOs to address early marriage; the extent to which early marriage happens in Borno State; the influence of the NGOs programmes on the fight against early marriage and the challenges faced by the NGOs in their interventions programme towards early marriage and gender-based violence in Borno State for the period of 2018 to 2022. The study investigates the influence of NGOs intervention programmes for combating early marriage in Borno State by the use of both quantitative and qualitative data in analysis to get in-depth evaluation of the NGOs interventions programmes particularly in Borno State where there was no exact study on this topic in Borno State. The evaluative study design was adopted with questionnaire and interview as the research instrument used to collect our data. The population for this study consisted of all the registered NGOs carrying out intervention programmes for combating early marriage and gender-based violence in Borno State. The researcher utilized the purposive- sampling techniques in sampling a total of 80 respondents 20 each from 4 NGOs. The descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution tables, chart, percentage and 4 scale criteria mean of 2.5 were used for the research questions analysis with the aid of SPSS package. The criterion means scores of 3.13, 3.12, 3.16 and 2.74 which are above the 2.5 criterion mean cut off; as well as the content analysis result of the interview presented in the flowchart led to the acceptance of the position of the respondents that multisectoral programme approach, promoting gender equality, community interventions and media interventions programmes function well in the fight against sexual, emotional and psychological, physical and socio-economic violence. The result also showed that while early marriage is prevalence in Borno state, the intervention programmes have been checkmating it to a reasonable extent despite the observed challenges. There should be a deliberate support from government, donor agencies and other stakeholder so as to enhance improvement in the nature of programmes being implemented by the NGOs to cub early marriage. Key Words: Boko Haram, Intervention, Gender, Programmes, NGO Word Counts: 276Item The Yoruba Culture’s Influence on the Redeemed Christian Church of God Intercultural Missions in North-Central Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Ayotunde William OKELANACulture plays a significant role in shaping religious beliefs. It influences peoples’ beliefs, practices, values, cosmology and how they embrace religious experiences. Many researches have been carried out on the cultural influences and colouration of religions by the cultures of the society where they originated from. These include the impact of Judaism and western culture on Christianity in Nigeria, Arabic culture on Islamic Religion and Yoruba cultural influence on traditional worshippers across the world. However, the influence of Yoruba as a predominating culture within the Redeemed Christian Church (RCCG) birthed in Yoruba land has not received adequate attention. Hence, the examination of the impact of the Yoruba culture on the growth of (RCCG) missions in North-Central Nigeria is the aim of this dissertation. The qualitative research method is adopted for its explorative process engaging descriptive techniques. The theoretical framework centres on Hofstede’s cultural dimension, which describes the non-superiority of any culture, identifying repressed cultures and giving them a voice, with the fact that every culture has something to celebrate and that communication is the key to balanced intercultural relations. Three hundred and ten (310) volunteers (members and ministers) were sampled, 280 responded to the Questionnaire while the key informant interview participants were 30. Data collected were analysed along ethnographic lines. Findings indicate that: the initial argument of Yoruba predominance in the RCCG mission is factual; the Yoruba culture has a positive influence on North-Central intercultural missions, but if best practices to promoting humane cultural values are repressed on mission fields there shall be power shift, except cultural balancing principles are implemented. Conclusively, in spite of the fact that culture is transferable, cultural balancing should be sensitively integrated into missionary propagation of the RCCG. Therefore, it is recommended that elements of Intercultural Balancing such as equity, mutual respect, adaptation, acculturation and identity should be deployed in RCCG intercultural missions in North-Central Nigeria since there are no ‘inferior cultures’. Keywords: Intercultural Mission, Yoruba culture, The Redeemed Christian Church of God, Intercultural balancing, Power shift Word Count: 317Item Child Upbringing Parental Styles and Personal Values of Adolescents in Selected Pentecostal Churches in Ede South Local Government Area, Osun State Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Adeola Idowu OKEThis research explores the influence of Child Upbringing parental styles on the personal values of adolescents attending selected Pentecostal churches in Ede South Local Government, Osun State, Nigeria. It aims to identify prevalent parental styles in child upbringing, understand the personal values exhibited by adolescents, examine the associations between parental styles in child upbringing and personal values, assess the influence of the religious environment in Pentecostal churches on personal values, and compare variations in parental styles in child upbringing and personal values among adolescents from different Pentecostal churches. The study employs a quantitative approach and a comparative design, using a questionnaire to collect data from a sample of 200 adolescents. The influence of parental styles on personal values is significant, with denominational variations. Findings reveal that parents in these religious communities significantly exhibit the four parental style types. The religious environment plays a substantial role in shaping personal values, both positively and negatively, impacting adolescents' moral development, resilience, and social responsibility. However, it can also impose rigidity, social isolation, and pressure to conform to predetermined values. This multifaceted influence underscores the need for inclusivity, diversity, youth empowerment programs, interfaith dialogues, mental health support, educational programs, and open communication within religious communities. Parents and guardians are encouraged to actively engage with their adolescents in navigating religious diversity, while conflict resolution and mentor-ship programs can help resolve religious disputes and promote understanding. Regular interfaith celebrations can foster unity and appreciation for diverse religious traditions. These recommendations aim to create a more informed, inclusive, and tolerant environment for adolescents within Pentecostal churches in Ede South Local Government. Keywords: Child Upbringing, Parental Styles, Personal values, Adolescents, Pentecostal Churches, Ede South Local Government, Nigeria, Word Count: 264Item Study of Corruption and Public Governance in Oyo State Civil Service(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Hannah Temitope OJOAWOThis study investigates corruption and public governance in Oyo State Civil Service. Through a comprehensive examination of corruption root causes, consequences, and potential mitigation strategies, the research sheds light on the challenges facing this critical sector and offers valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders. The study employs a mixed-method approach, combining survey data from civil servants and the populace with multiple regression analysis to establish the statistical significance of the relationship between corruption and governance. The findings reveal a strong link between bureaucratic corruption and public governance, emphasizing the multifaceted impact of corruption on governance quality. Corruption is identified as a significant barrier to efficient public administration, leading to compromised service delivery, weakened trust, and erosion of fairness. The study underscores the importance of anti-corruption measures, merit-based recruitment and promotion, administrative reforms, and citizen engagement in combating corruption and fostering good governance. These insights provide actionable recommendations for enhancing transparency, integrity, and effectiveness within the Oyo State Civil Service and serve as a valuable resource for reform efforts in the region and beyond. Keywords: Corruption, Public Governance, Bureaucracy, Oyo State, Civil Service Word Count: 180Item Critical Role of ECOWAS in Combating Insurgency in Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Mayowa Emmanuel OJOFollowing several years of military rule in Nigeria, the country has seen an upsurge in violent conflicts leading to insurgency and terrorism since it returned to civilian government in 1999. The Niger Delta and Boko Haram insurgencies stand out among conflict groups in Nigeria as they have produced global consequences, hence provoking domestic and international counter insurgency efforts. Military responses remain primary, but development responses are being increasingly employed. While the challenges of insurgency are global phenomenon in contemporary time, ECOWAS, the regional institution which houses Nigeria and 14 other sovereign states in the region has been playing a critical role in mitigating these problems. However, they do have their own challenges. Adopting the Marxist conflict theory and frustration and aggression theory, the research employed the methodology of secondary data analysis to explore the critical role of ECOWAS in combating insurgency in Nigeria. The findings of this research paper are that, ECOWAS has demonstrated its critical role in combating insurgency in Nigeria through its multi-faceted approach encompassing security, diplomacy, regional cooperation, and humanitarian assistance amidst others. The study recommends the strengthening of intelligence sharing and cooperation among ECOWAS member states to gather and analyse information on insurgent activities in Nigeria and enhance border security measures to prevent the movement of insurgents across ECOWAS borders and into Nigeria. Keywords: ECOWAS, Nigeria, Insurgency, Terrorism Word Count: 216Item Technology and Election Monitoring in Nigeria: Enhancing Electoral Transparency and Reducing Violence(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Omotayo Ibrahim ASHIRUDemocracy as it is known is a system of government and a form of governance where the populace directly exercise their governing influence, either by direct participation or by electing representatives at regular intervals. Election violence in Nigeria has been a persistent challenge, undermining the credibility of the country’s democratic process. Technological advancements, such as the use of electronic voting systems, biometric registration, offer a promising solution but yet the problem of ‘transparency’ still rear its ugly head before, and during elections in Nigeria. Historically, Nigerian elections have been marred by allegations of fraud, voter intimidation, ballot box snatching, and violence, undermining the democratic process and eroding public trust in electoral outcomes. The aim of this study is critically investigating election monitoring and technology in Nigeria and how technology can enhance electoral transparency and reduce violence during election period in Nigeria. The study employed quantitative methods for data collection and analysis. The study employed survey research design due to its ability to gather large amounts of data from a diverse sample of the population, providing a comprehensive understanding of public opinions and attitudes. The study targeted 120 respondents but only received responses from 106 individuals. Findings revealed that a significant portion of respondents perceives no significant impact or even negative consequences, highlighting the need for further evaluation and improvement of infrastructure The data reveals a complex relationship between elections and public trust, with a sizable segment of the population feeling disillusioned or unchanged by the electoral process. The study recommends that investment should be made in improving technology infrastructure to address persistent issues and enhance the accuracy, reliability, and integrity of technology used in electoral processes. Keywords: Technology, Election, Transparency, Election Monitoring, Nigeria Word Count: 276Item Vice Chancellor’s Selection Process and Organisational Cohesion in Selected Public Universities in Southwestern Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Emmanuel Chibuikem NWOBILeadership in the University system has to do with the ability to get things done with the support and cooperation of other people within the institution. Leadership in the Universities in Nigeria is handled by Vice-Chancellors and they are regarded as critical academic leaders because of the executive powers and roles attached to their offices. Vice-Chancellors play a crucial role in developing a high-quality education system and generating sufficient human resources to support and promote the socioeconomic and political progress of the nation. To achieve this purpose, it is imperative to have rigorous, clear, and well-defined selection processes in order to establish and maintain successful universities. Thus, the study examined Vice Chancellor’s Selection Conflicts and Organisational Cohesion in Selected Public Universities in Southwestern Nigeria. The theories adopted during the course of the research are the theory of collectivism, contagion and value added theories. Primary and secondary sources of data served as the sources of information gathering. Interviews were conducted with various stakeholders in the university environments. The study found out that the primary root of conflict in the selection of VCs is the encroachment of vested interests, especially among the power brokers in the society. Also, that professors and other learned elites in the ivory towers often descend so low as to engage in dubious activities in the selection of university leaders. The study concluded that there should be cohesion within all stakeholders in order to minimise tensions in the universities. Based on this conclusion, the study recommends adherence to legal procedures, mitigation of external influences, inclusive stakeholder engagement, and enhancement of conflict resolution mechanisms, among others. Keywords: Vice Chancellor, Conflict, University, Organisation Cohesion, Southwest. Word Count: 267Item Implementation of the Nigerian Baptist Convention Cooperative Programmes Among Local Baptist Churches (LBC) in Ibadan Baptist Conference, Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Emmanuel Ubandoma, MUSAThis study investigates the implementation of Nigerian Baptist Convention (NBC) cooperative programs among Local Baptist Churches (LBC) within the Ibadan Baptist Conference, Nigeria. It highlights a pressing issue of non-compliance by local churches, which undermines the NBC's ability to foster unity and coordinate essential initiatives such as pastoral care, evangelism, and community development. Non-compliance with cooperative programs weakens the Convention's collective influence, limiting its ability to effectively serve and meet the needs of its members. The purpose of the study is to investigate the implementation of NBC’s cooperative programmes among LBC churches in Ibadan Baptist Conference. The study employs a survey research design targeting a population of 200 respondents, including church members, pastors, treasurers, secretaries, social and mission coordinators, and deacons. Structured questionnaires, consisting mainly of closed-ended questions, were administered to collect quantitative data on the extent of program implementation, the obstacles encountered, and the benefits anticipated by participants. Additionally, in-depth interviews were conducted with key stakeholders, such as pastors and deacons, to collect qualitative insights. These interviews provided a platform for discussing underlying issues that may not be easily captured in quantitative surveys. This mixed-methods approach enhanced the study’s validity and reliability by offering both statistical data from surveys and detailed, contextual analysis from interviews. Findings from the study revealed several core issues contributing to non- compliance with the cooperative program. Financial constraints emerged as a major barrier, as many local churches lack sufficient funds to contribute to the NBC’s programs. This is compounded by limited income sources, economic challenges within the community, and an overall lack of financial sustainability among some congregations. Communication gaps were also identified, indicating that not all churches fully understand the goals or benefits of the cooperative program. Poor dissemination of information often leads to misunderstandings or lack of awareness about the program’s purpose, reducing motivation to participate. The study concludes that improving communication and transparency between the NBC and local churches is essential for enhancing participation in the cooperative program. Regular communication, such as through conferences, seminars, or newsletters, could help to clarify the program’s goals and create a sense of shared purpose among church members. Financial support from the NBC, either through grants, subsidies, or resource-sharing programs, could alleviate the financial burden on smaller churches, enabling them to contribute more readily to collective efforts. The study also highlights the importance of fostering cooperation and a unified vision by encouraging regular visitations by NBC officials to local churches. These visitations would help establish trust, reinforce the benefits of the cooperative program, and provide opportunities for resolving conflicts or miscommunications. The study recommends that the NBC adopt a more collaborative approach, engaging local churches as partners rather than passive participants. By actively involving church leaders in the decision-making processes and addressing financial and communicative barriers, the NBC can build stronger partnerships within the Baptist community. Keywords: Cooperative Programme, Nigeria Baptist Convention, Local Churches, Ibadan Baptist Conference Word Count: 480Item Currency Redesign and Its Socio-Economic Implications on Residents of Ogun State, Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2025-12) Lanre Wahab OSENIThis study examined the impact of currency redesign on socio-economic outcomes in Ogun State, Nigeria. This study adopted the descriptive survey research design. In this particular study, the population consists of, and covers all the stakeholders in Nigeria using selected residents in Ogun State as a case study. A sample of 100 residents were drawn as sample for the study. The cluster random sampling method was adopted for this study. To substantiate the purpose and importance of this research, both primary and secondary data sources were examined. The questionnaire (NARISQ) was structured into close ended questions, having two major parts: A and B. Data collected were analysed with frequency count and percentages (%) and charts while the hypotheses were tested with Chi-square (X2) statistical technique. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS® version 23) was used to test the hypotheses. The content validity of this instrument was carried out by my project supervisor in the Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State. The researcher personally administered the questionnaire to the business operators in their various business locations within the study area. The result showed that there is a significant effect of currency redesign on cost of living and inflation rate, micro and small business and socio-economic outcomes of the vulnerable populations (low-income households, traders, artisans) in Ogun State, Nigeria. It was therefore recommended that there should be extended validity period, to sustain the existing old notes as legal tender and gradually remove the old notes through the banking system to avoid the economic hardship that is associated with inability to purchase goods and services by the non-banked population in the informal sector. Keywords: Naira redesign, Currency, Socio-economic Outcomes, Ogun State residents. Word Count: 277Item Analysis of Human Rights Violations of Awaiting-Trial Inmates in Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Martin Abimbola OGUNBANJOThe issue of the dignity of the human person was first foregrounded by ancient Stoic philosophers who argued extensively that the human person has an ontological worth which is constituted by the power of reason. In promoting this ontological worth, various legal documents have been compiled. The most universally accepted among them is the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), which articulates the dignity and rights of all members of the human family. Given the foregoing, this research examines the extent to which Awaiting-Trial Inmates (ATIs) in Nigeria enjoy their rights as spelt out by the international instruments and local laws, where violations occur, the kinds of violation they suffer from, and the trends and motivating factors for the violations. Its institutional scope revolves around Kirikiri, Jos, Abakaliki, Kano and Katsina Correction Centres. This research adopts the Classical Marxian Theory as a frame of reference. It adopts the doctrinal and empirical methods to achieve the desired goal of addressing the pervasive violations of ATIs’ rights. Its findings show that most Awaiting-Trial Inmates were victims of arbitrary arrests and detention; young, poor, uneducated, unemployed, held for property offences; and unable to afford legal representation. Also, the police, courts and correctional institutions were responsible for the bulk of their problems, and there were correlates and costs of and remedies against human rights violations. Based on its findings, the research argues for the reformation of the society especially the police, courts and correctional institutions which would address the ugly state of affairs in the criminal justice system. This will ensure the emergence of a responsive and dependable justice system in the interest of the common people rather than the economic and power elite in Nigeria. Keywords: Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Awaiting-Trial Inmates, Correctional Institutions, Human Rights, Violations Word Count: 300Item Assessment of Societal Leaderships Role in Managing Cultural Differences in Redeemed College of Missions, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria 2018-2023(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Ademola Jonathan OLAJESUThe society is full of people of different languages, backgrounds, ethnics, and of course cultures. These people that make up a society are very important to the need of the society, that is why this study focuses on how societal leaders can effectively manage and promote peaceful coexistence among diverse cultures, ethnics and religions within their territories through their administrative approaches. The study involved the two major theories of Multiculturalism (Melting Pot and Salad Bowl Theories). The research adopted a descriptive survey research design, focusing on the role of societal leadership in managing cultural differences in Nigeria. The targeted population included the staff members and the students of the Redeemed College of Missions Ede. One hundred and fifty (150) respondents were selected using purposive sampling, techniques, while questionnaire was used as the primary instrument for data collection. Findings of this work emphasised the importance of leadership adaptability to diverse cultural contexts. It revealed that Societal leaders who demonstrate flexibility and openness to different cultural perspectives are better positioned to facilitate effective communication and decision-making and that this adaptability is a key component of successful management of multicultural society. It concludes that the comprehensive exploration of leaders' perceptions, attitudes, and practices in navigating diverse cultures within the institution have provided valuable insights. The research recommended the implementation of regular cultural sensitivity training programmes and the establishment of leadership development initiatives to equip leaders with the necessary skills for effective cultural management. These recommendations aimed at fostering understanding, respect, and appreciation of diverse cultures within the institution, creating a more inclusive and harmonious environment. Keywords: Acculturation, Cultural Differences, Multiculturalism, Peaceful Coexistence, Societal leaderships. Word Count: 271Item Evaluation of The Administrative Relationship between Chaplaincy and University Management in selected Faith Based Private Universities in South west Nigeria(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Emmanuel Olugbenga OLAGUNDOYEChaplaincy and the private university system in southwest Nigeria have been experiencing administrative conflict. Existing studies on conflict between chaplaincy and the university system have largely focussed on public universities with less emphasis on private universities in respect of strategic relationships that can be used to ameliorate administrative conflict between the chaplaincy and the university management. This study evaluated the relationship between Chaplaincy and management in selected faith based private universities in southwest Nigeria. This study aims to contribute to understanding how to curtail to an appreciable degree the various dimensions of administrative conflict between university chaplaincy and university management. The objectives of this study are to examine administrative conflicts between chaplaincy and university management in selected private universities in southwest Nigeria as well as examine how university management and chaplaincy contribute to the administrative conflict, examine the effects of administrative conflict between chaplaincy and university management and identify the strategies that can be employed to manage administrative conflict between chaplaincy and university management in selected private universities in southwest Nigeria. The structural functionalism theory of conflict management provided the framework of this study which was descriptive and purposive. Historical and descriptive survey designs were adopted. Two hundred and fifty (250) questionnaires copies were administered to respondents from five (5) selected private universities in southwest Nigeria, twenty-five (25) university administrators, fifty (50) administrative officers, fifty (50) students representative council members, twenty-five (25) chaplaincy council members, seventy five (75) chapel members and twenty-five (25) hostels officials. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data were content analysed severally. Several factors causing administrative conflict between chaplaincy and university management include amongst others, lethargy on the part of university management to implement disciplinary measures when due to erring students, role conflict dispositions, inadequate infrastructural facilities, poor managerial control over brewing crisis, poor communication and lack of effective collaboration between chaplaincy and university management. However, the study recommended an adequate, effective and collaborative leadership style that allows for the development of clear resource allocation policies and enhanced organizational culture. Keyword: Administrative conflict, Chaplaincy, university management, Private Universities, southwest Nigeria, Word Count: 340Item Globalisation, International Institutions and Imperialism(Lead City University, Ibadan, 2024-12) Mishael Daramola BABASOLAGlobalisation has made the world smaller and interactions among nation states closer. This has brought about situations where countries’ economies and developments are not exclusively decided by their governments but are also seriously influenced by international institutions and trade, administered by international rules and regulations. Countries experience various impact of globalisation on their economies. Many developing nations have not fully benefited from globalisation due to interference of Western institutions because of the natural resources from many of these developing nations, thus, facing challenges of economic globalisation. The study is hinged on dependency and modernisation theories. Secondary data were utilized to gather information for the study. The study found out that historical influences, including slavery, colonialism, and imperialism are responsible for driving and sustaining globalisation and economic imperialism in many developing countries which Nigeria is part of. Also, the research revealed that loss of human capital due to slavery, the exploitation of Nigeria's raw materials by colonial powers, and the dominance of Nigeria's political system by colonial masters significantly contributed to the present underdevelopment in Nigeria. However, it has also played a role in contributing to the country's development to some extent as seen today. Based on the findings, some of the recommendations made are: active engagement in international institutions, diversification of export market, balanced attraction of foreign investment, among others. Keywords: Globalisation, Imperialism, International Institutions, and Capitalism. Word Count: 220